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1、Section10GeographicalInformationScience:APerspectiveof1998THEORIGINOFGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSCIENCEGeographicalInformationScience,asthenameimplies,isthesciencedealingwithgeographicalinformation.Itemphasizesmoreonthescientificaspectsofgeographicalinformat
2、ionratherthanitstechnologicalimplementation,whichhasbeenthefocusofgeographicalinformationsystems・Theterm^geographicalinformationscience'1ismuchnewerthanugeographicalinformationsystems11.ThelatterwasfirstintroducedbyTomlinson(1967)30yearagowhiletheformers
3、eemsfirstappearedinanarticlebyGoodchild(1990)forlessthan10years・Therefore,itisreallyaproblemtodeterminewhereshouldbethestartingpointinanattempttoprovideaperspectiveofgeographicalinformationscience・Theremustbedifferentviewsregardingthehistoryofgeographica
4、linformationscience・Somemayconsideritasamorerecentdevelopmentwhilethegeographicalinformationsystemsasatechnologybecomesmaturedandresearchisemphasizedonitsscientificcomponents.ThisisevidencedbythechangeofnameforthethenonlyacademicjournalinthefieldfromInte
5、rnationalJournalofGeographicalInformationsystemstoInternationalJournalofGeographicalInformationScience.Ilisalsoevidencedbythepropernameofthisjournalwhenitwasestablishedin1995・However,someresearchersconsidertherelationshipotherwise.Forexample,Openshaw(198
6、7)consideredgeographicalinformationsystemasthe"20thcenturytechnologybeingusedfor19thcenturypurposes"・Itmeansthatthescientificfoundationofmanyapplicationsbygeographicalinformationsystemswasalreadylaideveninthe19thcentury.Indeed,principlesofsomeoperationss
7、uchasoverlayhaveexistedforalongtime・Inthissense,geographicalinformationsciencecouldbeasoldasotherscientificdisciplines,sincegeographicalinformationcoversanenormousrange"includingthedistributionofnaturalresources,theincidenceofpollutants,descriptionsofinf
8、rastructure,patternoflanduseandthehealth,wealth,employment,housingandvotinghabitsofpeople”(DOE,1987).Itisalsoarguablethatthestartofaninformationsciencecouldbeconsideredinanerawhencomputerwasusedasinfonnationprocessor.Thenl
