Intention OCRed

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1、INTENTIONbyG.E.M.ANSCOMBESECONDEDITIONHARVARDUNIVERSITYPRESSCambridge,MassachusetrsLondon,EnglandCopyright©1957.1963byG.E.M.AnscombeAllrightsreservedPrimedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaOriginallypublishedinEnglandin1957byBasilBlackwell.FirstHarvardUnivers

2、ityPresspaperbackedition.2000Cataloging-in-l'lIblicJtionOaraisavailable(romrheLibraryofCongress.ISBN0-674-00399-3CONTENTS§pageI.Thesubjectintroducedunderthreeheads:expressionofintentionforthefuture,intentionalaction,andintentioninacting.Iz.Intuitiveun

3、derstandingofthedifferencebetween,prediction'and'expressionofintention'rejectedasafoundationforaphilosophicalaccountofexpressionsofintention.Predictiondefinedsoastocompriseordersandexpressionsofintentionaswellasestimatesofthefuture.Thefalsityofexpress

4、ionsofintentioninthesimplefuturetense(a)aslyingand(b)asfalsitybecausetheintentionisnotcarriedout.I3.Usefulnessofconsideringtheverbalexpressionofintentionforthefutureinordertoavoidvariousdeadends.Uselessnessofanintrospectiveexplanationofintention.Expre

5、ssionsofintentionsdistinguishedfromestimatesofthefuturebythejustification,ifany.givenforthem.J4.Arethereanystatementsoftheform'AintendsX•whichcanbemadewithfaircertainty?Descriptionsofaman'sactionsoftendescriptionstrulysubstitutablefor'X'in'AintendsX'.

6、Reasonswhywesupposeamanthesoleauthorityonhisownintentions.75.Intentionalactionsdefinedasthosetowhi9Jacertainsenseofthequestion'Why?'isgivenapplication.Difficultyofdefiningtherelevantsenseanddangerofmovinginacircleinourexplanationsof'reasonforacting'an

7、d'action'.'IknockedthecupoffthetablebecauseIwasstartled'givesananswertoaquestion,Why?'aboutsomethingdone.96.Thequestion'Why?'isrefusedapplicationbytheanswer'IdidnotknowIwasdoingthat'.Thesameactioncanhavemanydescriptions,insomeofwhichtheagentknowsitand

8、insomenot.JJINTENTIONIV§page7.Thequestionalsorefusedapplicationwhentheactionwasinvoluntary;butthisnotioncannotbeintroducedwithouttreatingassolvedtheverykindofproblemwearediscussing.Difficultiesofthenotion'in-voluntary'.IZ8.'Non-observationalkn