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1、InternationalConferenceon“ChineseFormandFunction”inHonorofProf.XuLiejiongforhis70thBirthdayZhengzhou(Henan),21-23April2006SomeRemarksonLanguagesandGenesinChinaAlainPeyraubeCNRS&EHESS(Paris,France)ShangChinawasinhabitedbyChinesepopulationsspeakingSiniticlanguages.Itwa
2、salsoinhabitedbynonChinesepopulations.WedonotknowhoweverwhopreciselythesenonChinesepopulationswere,whiletheevidencefortheoriginsoftheChineselanguageisstillalsoscantyandcontroversial.CanthehistoryofgeneshelpusinunderstandingbetterwhattheChineselinguisticsituationwasso
3、me5,000yearsB.P.,nottomentionthepopulationdistribution?Languagesandgenesdonothavethesamehistory,butasDarwinalreadynoticedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,thereisan« interestingparallelismbetweenthedevelopmentofspeciesandthedevelopmentoflanguages ».Ifwehavetwodifferent
4、typesofhistory,twodifferenttypesofevolution–onebeingnatural,theotheronelargellycultural–withdifferentmechanismsoforiginandreproduction,thereareindeedmanyclearanalogiesinthemechanismsoftransmission:mutation,naturalselection,migration,andchance(called“drift”ingenetics)
5、.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatthesimilaritiesofthesemechanismsoftransmissionhaveleadscholarstolookforthecongruenceofgeneticandlinguisticevolution.Foralmosttwodecades,populationgeneticists–whosemainaimistoputforwardareconstructionofthehistoryofmodernhumanssincetheirorigin
6、s,throughasystematicstudyofthegeneticvariabilityofourspecies–havebeenveryactiveincorrelatinggeneticdistance,acentralnotioningeneticpopulation,andlinguisticdistance.Inmostofthesestudies,ifnotall,thelinguistichypothesesadoptedbythegeneticistshavebeentheonesforthemacro-
7、familiesadvocatedbyGreenbergandRuhlenand/orbytheRussian« unificationists ».Manyotherlaterworkshaveinvalidatedtheexistenceofindisputablecorrelationsbetweenageneticclassificationofpopulationsandaclassificationoflanguages.Hence,forthemoment,wehavetorecognizethatwhileweh
8、avevarioushypotheses,wearenotsureofanything.Theconsiderableaccumulationofdatainpopulationgeneticshasrenderedthelandscapelesssimple,
