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1、Inter-OrganizationalCollaborationintheBiotechnologyIndustryAuthor(s):WalterW.PowellSource:JournalofInstitutionalandTheoreticalEconomics(JITE)/ZeitschriftfürdiegesamteStaatswissenschaft,Vol.152,No.1,TheNewInstitutionalEconomicsTransformationsintheInst
2、itutionalStructureofProduction(March1996),pp.197-215Publishedby:MohrSiebeckGmbH&Co.KGStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40751919.Accessed:10/12/201300:58YouruseoftheJSTORarchiveindicatesyouracceptanceoftheTerms&ConditionsofUse,availableat.http://w
3、ww.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp.JSTORisanot-for-profitservicethathelpsscholars,researchers,andstudentsdiscover,use,andbuilduponawiderangeofcontentinatrusteddigitalarchive.Weuseinformationtechnologyandtoolstoincreaseproductivityandfaci
4、litatenewformsofscholarship.FormoreinformationaboutJSTOR,pleasecontactsupport@jstor.org..MohrSiebeckGmbH&Co.KGiscollaboratingwithJSTORtodigitize,preserveandextendaccesstoJournalofInstitutionalandTheoreticalEconomics(JITE)/ZeitschriftfürdiegesamteStaa
5、tswissenschaft.http://www.jstor.orgThiscontentdownloadedfrom113.108.133.58onTue,10Dec201300:58:16AMAllusesubjecttoJSTORTermsandConditionsInter-OrganizationalCollaborationintheBiotechnologyIndustrybyWalterW.Powell*Thispaperexaminesthekeyfactorsthatpro
6、moteinter-organizationalcollabora-tioninthebiotechnologyindustry,afieldwhereresearchbreakthroughsaresobroadlydistributedthatnosinglefirmhasallthenecessarycapabilities.Thescienceofbiotechnologyhasbroughtextensivechangestoresearchuniversitiesandmultina
7、tionalpharmaceuticalcompanies,aswellasgeneratedhundredsofsmallscience-basedentrepreneurialcompanies,locatedmostlyintheU.S.Inthisindustrythereareseverelimitationstomarkettransactionsanddisincentivestoverticalintegration.Instead,throughacombinationofmu
8、tualneed,repeatedinteraction,andmembershipinacommontechnologicalcommunity,networksofcollaborativeventuresserveastheprimaryinstitutionalarrangementgovern-ingexchangeandproduction.(JEL:L23)Î.IntroductionOverthepasttwodecadesanewlogicoforganizinghasemer
