the intension and extension of hyponymy

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1、TheIntensionandExtensionofHyponymy　　Abstract：Althoughhyponymyisacommonsense-relation，itsdefinitionisoftentakenforgranted.Hencerepeatedconfusionorambiguity，evenamonglinguists.Thepresentstudystrivestotelltheintensionandextensionofhyponymy，whicharethecoreofth

2、ecasualassumptioninvolvedinthedefinitionofhyponymy，asmaximallyapartsoastorestorethelinguisticnatureofhyponymyanalysis.　　Keywords：hyponymy；intension；extension　　中图分类号：H315.9文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-1578（2016）12-0001-02　　Hyponymyisasense-relationofinclusion.Theconcep

3、tof“inclusion”involvedhereistheideathatifanyobjectisafir，thenitisnecessarilytree，sothemeaningoftreeis“included”inthemeaningoffir.Inotherwords，ahyponymincludesthemeaningofamoregeneralword.Themoregeneraltermiscalledthesuperordinateorhypernym.e.g.：plantisthes

4、uperordinateofflowerandcrop；floweristhesuperordinateofroseandpeony.　　However，acursorysurveyofsemanticsliterature，including6evensomeclassicswrittenbybig-namesemanticians，makesoneacutelyawareofthenecessityofrevealingthedeceptivelysimplenatureoftheterms“inclu

5、sion”and“include”tocombatthelong-standingconfusion.Theemphasishereisontheefforttopointouttheculpritofthecasualassumptionsinvolvedbecause，asChomskyputsit，“thereisgoodreasontoexaminemorecloselydoctrinesthathavebeenassumedtoocasually，andiftheydonotwithstandan

6、alysis，toaskwhytheyseemsocompelling”（Chomsky2000：105）.　　1RedefinetheDefinitionofHyponymy　　Lyonsprefers“hyponymy”to“inclusion”or“subordination”（Lyons1968：453；1977：291-2）becausethelattertwotermsarealsousedinothersensesinlinguisticsandlogic.“Hyponymy”isfreque

7、ntlydiscussedbylogiciansintermsofclass-inclusion，and，uptoapoint，thisissatisfactoryenough.Forexample，ifXistheclassofflowersandYistheclassofdaffodils，thenitisobviousthecasethatXproperlyincludesY.Inthiscase，weareconsideringtheextensionoflexemes，andthesuperord

8、inateismoreinclusiveasshowninthediagramoftheextensionoffloweranddaffodil.　　Butparadoxically，hyponymyisdefinedintermsoftheinclusionofthesenseofoneiteminthesenseofanother6（Hurford&Heasley1983：106）.Forexample，we