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1、Unit3FairnessforallPartTwo:TeachingResourcesSection2:BackgroundinformationforUnit3Fairnessforall1.Whatisjustice?Justiceisaconceptinvolvingthefair,moral,andimpartialtreatmentofallpersons—oftenseenasthecontinuedefforttodowhatis"right".Justiceisaparticularlyfoundationalconceptwithinmostsystemsof"la
2、w,"anddrawshighlyuponestablishedandwell-regardedsocialtraditionsandvalues.Fromtheperspectiveofpragmatism,itisthenameforafairresult.Inmostcaseswhatoneregardsas"right"isdeterminedbyconsultingestablishedandagreeableprinciples,employinglogic,or,incertainsystems,byconsultingamajority.Incontextswherer
3、eligionisadominant,thepursuitofjusticemaybeaidedbydeferringtoreligioustextsandevenspiritualguidance.Ifapersonlivesunderacertainsetlawinacountry,conceptsof"justice"areoftensimplydeferentialtotheexistinglaw—theissuingofpunitivereprimandsforviolationsmaybereferredtoas"servingjustice."Classically,ju
4、sticewastheabilitytorecognizeone'sdebtsandpaythem.Itwasavirtuethatencompassedanunwillingnesstolieorsteal.Itwasthebasisforthecodeduello.Inthisview,justiceistheoppositeoftheviceofvenality.Injurisprudence,justiceistheobligationthatthelegalsystemhastowardtheindividualcitizenandthesocietyasawhole.Jus
5、tice(inbothsenses)ispartofthedebateregardingmoralrelativismandmoralobjectivism:Istherean"objectivestandard"ofjustice,underwhichallactionsshouldbejudged,orisitacceptableforjusticetohavedifferentmeaningsindifferentsocieties?Somecultures,forinstance,seepunishmentssuchasthedeathpenaltyasbeingappropr
6、iate,whileothersdecrysuchactsascrimesagainsthumanity.Insomecases,justiceisnotequatedwithlaws.Forinstance,lawsthatoncesupportedslaveryarenowconsideredunjustlawssuchastheFugitiveSlaveLawof1850intheUnitedStates.Also,manylawsofillegitimategovernmentsareconsideredunjust.Further,thesocialjusticemoveme
7、ntquestionsthemoralityoflawsthatprotectpropertyrightswithoutadequateprotectionofthepoor,especiallythoselawsgoverninginternationaltrade.2.SegregatedSchoolsFormanyyearsintheU.S.,whitekidswenttowhite-onlyschoolsandblackkidswent