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1、Unit3FairnessforallPartTwo:TeachingResourcesSection2:BackgroundinformationforUnit3Fairnessforall1.Whatisjustice?Justiceisaconceptinvolvingthefair,moral,andimpartialtreatmentofallpersons—oftenseenasthecontinuedefforttodowhatis"right".Justiceisaparticularlyfoundationalconceptwithinmostsys
2、temsof"law,"anddrawshighlyuponestablishedandwell-regardedsocialtraditionsandvalues.Fromtheperspectiveofpragmatism,itisthenameforafairresult.Inmostcaseswhatoneregardsas"right"isdeterminedbyconsultingestablishedandagreeableprinciples,employinglogic,or,incertainsystems,byconsultingamajorit
3、y.Incontextswherereligionisadominant,thepursuitofjusticemaybeaidedbydeferringtoreligioustextsandevenspiritualguidance.Ifapersonlivesunderacertainsetlawinacountry,conceptsof"justice"areoftensimplydeferentialtotheexistinglaw—theissuingofpunitivereprimandsforviolationsmaybereferredtoas"ser
4、vingjustice."Classically,justicewastheabilitytorecognizeone'sdebtsandpaythem.Itwasavirtuethatencompassedanunwillingnesstolieorsteal.Itwasthebasisforthecodeduello.Inthisview,justiceistheoppositeoftheviceofvenality.Injurisprudence,justiceistheobligationthatthelegalsystemhastowardtheindivi
5、dualcitizenandthesocietyasawhole.Justice(inbothsenses)ispartofthedebateregardingmoralrelativismandmoralobjectivism:Istherean"objectivestandard"ofjustice,underwhichallactionsshouldbejudged,orisitacceptableforjusticetohavedifferentmeaningsindifferentsocieties?Somecultures,forinstance,seep
6、unishmentssuchasthedeathpenaltyasbeingappropriate,whileothersdecrysuchactsascrimesagainsthumanity.Insomecases,justiceisnotequatedwithlaws.Forinstance,lawsthatoncesupportedslaveryarenowconsideredunjustlawssuchastheFugitiveSlaveLawof1850intheUnitedStates.Also,manylawsofillegitimategovernm
7、entsareconsideredunjust.Further,thesocialjusticemovementquestionsthemoralityoflawsthatprotectpropertyrightswithoutadequateprotectionofthepoor,especiallythoselawsgoverninginternationaltrade.2.SegregatedSchoolsFormanyyearsintheU.S.,whitekidswenttowhite-onlyschoolsandblackkidswent
