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1、IntroductiontoInternationalSettlementInternationalpolitical,economicandculturalexchangeinevitablyleadstocreditsanddebtsowedbyonecountrytoanother.Theinternationalsettlementinvolvesbothtangibleandintangibletrades,foreigninvestments,fundsborrowedfromorlenttoothercountriesandsoforth.Tobemorespecific,int
2、ernationalpaymentsandsettlementscanalsobenecessaryfinancialactivitiesrenderedfromcommercialpayments,paymentsfortheservicesrendered,paymentsbetweengovernments,andthetransferoffundsamongcountries.1.1DefinitionInternationalpaymentsandsettlementsarefinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwh
3、icheitherpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredfromonecountrytoanotherforthepurposeofsettlingaccounts,debts,claims,etc.1.2TypesofInternationalSettlementUsuallyinternationalsettlementisdividedintothreebroadcategories:remittance,collectionandletterofcredit.Negotiableinstruments,however,waysofinterna
4、tionalsettlementanddocumentsusedintheinternationalsettlementsometimesconstitutetheframeworkofinternationalsettlement.Forexample,thefollowingpaymenttermscanbereadinthesalescontracts.（1）ThesupplieragreesthatthebuyerwilleffectpaymentsunderthetermofT/TagainstreceiptofB/Lbyfax.(2)HongKongsuppliersagreeth
5、atthebuyerwilleffectpaymentsunderthetermofCAD(CashagainstDocuments).(3)Onlyincaseofnewsuppliersandfirstordertothem,thebuyermightagreetoeffectpaymentsunderL/Cterms．TheL/Cchargesonthebuyer'ssidewillbebornbythebuyerandtheL/Cchargesonsupplier'ssidewillbebornbythesupplier.TheBillofLadingismadeouttoordera
6、ndnotifythebuyer.(4)IncasethatthesupplierstillinsistonL/Ctermsevenafterthefirstorder,thesupplieragreetotakeoverallL/Cchargesonhimaswellasthebuyer'sside.InthosecaseswerequestaBillofLading.1.3HistoryandDevelopmentofInternationalSettlementTracingbackthehistoryofinternationalsettlement,themediumofexchan
7、georiginatedfromcoins.Lateron,commercialdraftsandothercreditinstrumentsemergedandbecamepopulartomeettheneedsoftheconstantlyincreasingbusinessactivitiesinbothgeographicalregionsandvolumeoftheinternatio
