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1、ReferenceforTeachingI．异域风情1.TheFirstEnglishDictionaryIn1747,somebooksellersaskedJohnsontocompileadictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage.Ittookhimeightyearstofinishthisenormouswork,andin1755his“Dictionary”waspublished.Someofthedefinitionsinthedictionaryareoftenquotedtoillustratejohnson’spers
2、onalityorprejudice,as“Oats,n.agrain,whichinEnglandisgenerallygiventohorses,butinScotlandsupportsthepeople”.Butthedictionaryasawholewasagreatworkofscholarship.Johnson'spurposewastomakeadictionary“bymeansofwhichthepronunciationofourlanguage(i.e.English)maybefixed,anditsattainmentfacil
3、itated;bywhichitspuritymaybepreserved,itsuseascertainedanditsdurationlengthened”.Thoughthedictionaryhaslongbeendisplacedbylaterones,itmarkedanepochinthestudyanddevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.His“Dictionary”alsomarkedtheendofEnglishwriters'relianceonthepatronageofnoblemenforsupport.
4、In1747,JohnsonhadaddressedhisplanforthedictionarytoLordChesterfield,adistinguished“patronofliterature”.DuringthesevenlongyearsofJohnson'slabouringonthedictionary,LordChesterfieldhadofferedneitheraidnorencouragementtothepoorlexicographer.Butontheeveofthepublicationofthework,thenoblem
5、anwrotetwopapersfor“TheWorld”,aperiodicaloftheday,praisingthedictionaryandexpectingthatJohnsonwouldnowdedicatetheworktohim.Johnsonthoughtthat“allwasfalseandhollow”,scornedthehoneyedwords,andwrotealettertoLordChesterfield,saying:“WhenIhadonceaddressedyourLordshipinpublic,Ihadexhauste
6、dalltheartofpleasingwhicharetiredanduncouthlyscholarcanpossess…IsnotaPatron,myLord,onewholookswithunconcernonamanstrugglingforlifeinthewater,and,whenhehasreachedground,encumbershimwithhelp?Thenotice,whichyouhavebeenpleasedtotakeofmylabour,haditbeenearlier,hadbeenkind;butithasbeendel
7、ayeduntilIamindifferent,andcannotenjoyit;tillIamsolitary,andcannotimpartit;tillIamknownanddonotcourtit.”Thisletteristhewriters'declarationofindependence,signifyingtheopeningofanewerainthedevelopmentofliterature.2.MulticulturalBritainImmediatelyaftertheSecondWorldWar,Britainlookedlik
8、eaprosperousandfrie
