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1、HowtoWriteaScientificPaper*ByGeorgeM.WhitesidesDepartmentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA科学论文写作*原著:GeorgeM.Whitesides(美国)译者:张希,林志宏Whatisascientificpaper?Apaperisanorganizeddescriptionofhypotheses,dataandconclusions,intendedtoinstructthereader.Papersareac
2、entralpartofresearch.Ifyourresearchdoesnotgeneratepapers,itmightjustaswellnothavebeendone.“Interestingandunpublished”isequivalentto“non-existent.”什么是科技论文?科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述,以此向读者论述。论文是研究工作的中心部分。如果你的研究没有写成论文,也就等同于没有做研究。有意义但没有发表,等同于不存在。Realizethatyourobjectiveinresearchistoformulateandte
3、sthypotheses,todrawconclusionsfromthesetests,andtoteachtheseconclusionstoothers.Yourobjectiveisnotto“collectdata.”要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说,从一些测试中得出结论,并把结论传授给别人。你的研究目的不是简单的收集数据。Apaperisnotjustanarchivaldeviceforstoringacompletedresearchprogram,itisalsoastructureforplanningyourresearchinprogress.I
4、fyouclearlyunderstandthepurposeandformofapaper,itcanbeimmenselyusefultoyouinorganizingandconductingyourresearch.Agoodoutlineforthepaperisalsoagoodplanfortheresearchprogram.Youshouldwriteandrewritetheseplans/outlinesthroughoutthecourseoftheresearch.Atthebeginning,youwillhavemostlyplan;atthee
5、nd,mostlyoutline.Thecontinuousefforttounderstand,analyze,summarize,andreformulatehypothesesonpaperwillbeimmenselymoreefficientforyouthanaprocessinwhichyoucollectdataandonlystarttoorganizethemwhentheircollectionis“complete.”一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果,它也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架。如果明确了论文的目的,这对于计划开展你的研究工作有很大益
6、处。好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划,在研究的过程中,应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时,应有完善的计划;工作结束时,应充分的总结。最有效率的做法是及时的理解,分析,总结,形成假说;而不是等到完成时才开始收集和整理数据。Thereasonforoutlines.Iemphasizethecentralplaceofanoutlineinwritingpapers,preparingseminars,andplanningresearch.Iespeciallybelievethatforyou,andforme,itismostefficienttowritepape
7、rsfromoutlines.Anoutlineisawrittenplanoftheorganizationofapaper,includingthedataonwhichitrests.Youshould,infact,thinkofanoutlineasacarefullyorganizedandpresentedsetofdata,withattendantobjectives,hypothesesandconclusions,ratherthananoutlineoftext.为什么要写提纲?