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2、oingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutpreparingintheacademiccommunity.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANS
3、WERSHEET1.(10points) UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica’svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geology,soil,andgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergroup,however,hasincreasinglyrenderedunrealthe
4、conceptofafullydeveloped“natural”vegetation—i.e.,oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.(41).EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica’svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussionth
5、eideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense. (42).Inaddition,overtimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessively,allofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadopted,an
6、dthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted. (43).Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies—incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoils,slopes,anddrainage—hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheA
7、fricantropics.Inafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrus,thegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword“paper”originated,throughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoil,andfinal
8、lytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit. (44).Correspondingly,classificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaming,grouping,anddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforest
