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ID:27589631
大小:1.63 MB
页数:42页
时间:2018-12-02
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1、优秀精品课件文档资料Myers’PSYCHOLOGYChapter1ThinkingCriticallywithPsychologicalScienceTheNeedforPsychologicalSciencePsychologists,likeallscientists,usethescientificmethodtoconstructtheoriesthatorganizeobservationsandimplytestablehypothesesTheNeedforPsychologicalScienceHindsightBiaswete
2、ndtobelieve,afterlearninganoutcome,thatwewouldhaveforeseenitthe“I-knew-it-all-along”phenomenonOverconfidencewetendtothinkweknowmorethanwedoTheNeedforPsychologicalScienceCriticalThinkingthinkingthatdoesnotblindlyacceptargumentsandconclusionsexaminesassumptionsdiscernshiddenval
3、uesevaluatesevidenceTheAmazingRandi--SkepticTheNeedforPsychologicalScienceTheoryanexplanationusinganintegratedsetofprinciplesthatorganizesandpredictsobservationsHypothesisatestablepredictionoftenimpliedbyatheoryTheNeedforPsychologicalScienceTheNeedforPsychologicalScienceOpera
4、tionalDefinitionastatementofprocedures(operations)usedtodefineresearchvariablesExample-intelligencemaybeoperationallydefinedaswhatanintelligencetestmeasuresTheNeedforPsychologicalScienceReplicationrepeatingtheessenceofaresearchstudytoseewhetherthebasicfindinggeneralizestoothe
5、rparticipantsandcircumstancesusuallywithdifferentparticipantsindifferentsituationsDescriptionPsychologistsdescribebehaviorusingcasestudies,surveys,andnaturalisticobservationDescriptionCaseStudyPsychologistsstudyoneormoreindividualsingreatdepthinthehopeofrevealingthingstrueofu
6、sallIslanguageuniquelyhuman?DescriptionSurveytechniqueforascertainingtheself-reportedattitudesorbehaviorsofpeopleusuallybyquestioningarepresentative,randomsampleofpeopleRandomSampleasamplethatfairlyrepresentsapopulationbecauseeachmemberhasanequalchanceofinclusionDescriptionFa
7、lseConsensusEffecttendencytooverestimatetheextenttowhichothersshareourbeliefsandbehaviorsPopulationallthecasesinagroup,fromwhichsamplesmaybedrawnforastudyDescriptionDescriptionIfmarblesoftwocolorsaremixedwellinthelargejar,thefastestwaytoknowtheirratioistoblindlytransferafewin
8、toasmalleroneandcountthemDescriptionNaturalisticObservationobserving
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