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1、.WORD完美.格式编辑.使用说明1．《教师手册》包括三部分：AbouttheAuthor（作者简介及课文出处等）、AbouttheText（难句分析、语言点、修辞等）、KeystoExercises。2．作者简介及难句分析和语言点的部分内容已收入教材的“注释”（NotesandCommentary），请教师在讲解前仔细核对。3．“练习答案”只提供第二至第五部分（即词汇、完型填空、改错、中译英）习题的答案。第一部分（QuestionsforComprehensionandDiscussion）涉及对课文内容的分析、作
2、者态度或立场的归纳评论、以及修辞手段的运用等，没有标准答案。教师可以在组织学生进行讨论、辩论、角色扮演或提问时灵活处理，适当提供背景知识、相关词汇等，引导学生得出比较合理的结论。4．中译英和英译中的答案仅供参考。5．练习经过多次修改，恐有不少错漏。不便之处，敬请谅解。欢迎使用者批评指正。编者2000年6月.技术资料.专业整理..WORD完美.格式编辑.UnitOneHowToGrowOldAbouttheauthorBertrandArthurWilliamRussell,3dEarl,1872-1970,Briti
3、shphilosopher,mathematician,andsocialreformer;b.Wales.ThegrandsonofLordJohnRussell,the1stEarlRussell,hesucceededtotheearldomin1931.WhileteachingatCambridgeUniv.Russellproducedhismostimportantworks,PrinciplesofMathematics(1903)and,withAlfredNorthWHITEHEAD,Princi
4、piaMathenetica(3vol.,1910–13),inwhichheattemptedtoshowhowthelawsofmathematicscouldbededucedfromthebasicaxiomsoflogic.Hisworkinfluencedon20th-cent.symboliclogic,SETtheoryinmathematics,andLOGICALPOSITIVISM,especiallyintheworkofhisstudentLudwigWITTFENSTEN.Anundogm
5、aticbutzealousrationalist,Russellwasdeeplyconvincedofthelogicalindependenceofindividualfactsandthedependenceofknowledgeonthedataoforiginalexperience.Wellknownforhissocialviews,hewasanactivepacifistduringWorldWarI.In1927heandhiswifefoundedthehighlyexperimentalBe
6、aconHillSchool.Hisliberalviewsonmarriage,sex,adultery,andhomosexualitymadehimcontroversialduringmostofthe1930s.HeabandonedpacifismduringWorldWarIIinthefaceoftheNazithreatbutrevertedtoitafterthewar,becomingaleaderinthe“banthebomb”movementtohaltthemanufactureofnu
7、clearweapons.Inthe1960sheandJean-PaulSARTREorganizedEuropeanoppositiontoU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Russell’sradicalismkepthimfromatraditionalacademiccareer,andhesupportedhimselfchieflybyhiswritings,manyofthemwidelyread,e.g.,MarriageandMorals(1929),AHistoryo
8、fWesternPhilosophy(1945),andhisautobiography(3vol.,1967-69).In1950hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinliterature.Ressellhadoneofthemostwidelyvariedandpersistentlyinfluentialintellect
