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1、FoodProduction,FoodSupplyandNutritionalStatusTrendsinSub-SaharanAfricaAgricultureisthebackboneoftheeconomiesofmostsub-SaharanAfricancountries.In1994,69percentoftheeconomicallyactivepopulationinsub-SaharanAfricawereengagedinagriculture,ascomparedwith84percentin1961(FAO,1
2、995f).Table4showsaverageannualproduction(intonnes)andratesofgrowthofmajorfoodcropsinsub-SaharanAfricaduringfourperiods.Theanalysisisbasedonfive-yearaveragesupto1985andafour-yearaveragefor1991to1994,toreflectthelong-termchangesoverthetimespan1961to1994.Therateofgrowthinp
3、roductionofcerealsincreasedfromanaverageof1.3percentduringtheperiod1961to1965to3.6percentduringtheperiod1971to1975.Itremainedstableatarateof2.5percentfromtheperiod1981to1985totheperiod1991to1994.Amongthegrainsthefastestgrowthinoutputwasachievedinrice,butitseffectongrowt
4、hoftotalcerealoutputwaslimitedbecauseoftherelativelysmallshareofriceincerealproduction.Itisnotablethatthegrowthrateofpulseproductionhasdeclinedsubstantiallysincethe1960sandthattherateofgrowthofproductionofoilcrops,aftersufferingarapiddeclineduringthe1980s,recoveredsigni
5、ficantlyduringtheearly1990s.Forsub-SaharanAfricaasawhole,exportsofcerealsdeclinedandimportsexpandedrapidlyduringthe1970sand1980s(Table5).Importsnearlydoubledbetweenthe1960sand1970sandtrebledfromthentothe1990s,reflectingbothstructuralfooddeficitsresultingfromrapidpopulat
6、iongrowthandfoodshortfallscausedbydroughtandcivildisruptioninvariouspartsofAfrica,especiallyduringthe1980sandearly1990s.Inthemid-1980s,20percentofthestaplefoodrequirementsofsub-SaharanAfricawereprovidedbyimports.Thisproportionispredictedtorisebytheendofthe1990s(FAO,1992
7、e).Sincethe1980savailabilityofbasicfoodstaplesforconsumptionhasexpandedasfollows:cerealsandcerealproductsby30percent,rootsandtubersby40percent,pulsesby35percentandoilcropsby33percent(Table6).Populationgrowthisthemainfactorresponsibleforincreasesinfoodsupplyandenergyrequ
8、irements.Fortheregionasawhole,theestimatedannualrateofpopulationgrowthforthelastthreedecadeswasabout3percentas
