资源描述：
《透过意象解读《德伯家的苔丝》中的生态女性主义毕业论文》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
透过意象解读《德伯家的苔丝》中的生态女性主义摘要托马斯·哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中运用了大量的象征手法,成功地刻画了苔丝这样一个生活在乡村的普通妇女的悲剧形象。苔丝的命运代表了当时许许多多英国农村下层妇女的命运，她的悲剧是个人性格与社会环境冲突的悲剧。这篇论文主要通过分析小说中的自然景物、动物及场景等意象来阐明《德伯家的苔丝》中蕴含的丰富的生态女性主义思想。生态女性主义者从女性与自然的渊源关系批判了启蒙时期形成的价值等级观念和男权统治制度，呼吁人们要共织生命之网，创造一个与自然相互依存的世界。文章透过意象从生态女性主义的角度分析哈代的作品,更能体现生态与女性的关系,从而揭示哈代的生态女性观。关键词：意象生态女性主义女性自然父权制社会 IllustrationofEcofeminisminTessofthed’UrbervillesthroughImagesABSTRACTThomasHardyisanoutstandingEnglishwriterwhopossessesaveryimportantpositioninthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Ofthe14novelshehaswritten,Tessofthed’Urbervillesisoneofhisgreatest.Inthisnovel,Hardyusedlargeamountsofsymbolismtocreateatragicfigure---Tess,whowasacommonwomanlivedinthecountryside.HerdestinyrepresentedthoseofnumerousEnglishwomenlivinginthelowersocietyatthattime.Tess’stragedyisformedbyherownpersonalitiesandtheconflictswiththesocialsurroundings.ThispaperisaimedtoillustratetheecofeminisminTessofthed’Urbervillesthroughanalyzingtheimagesinthenovel,suchasnatureimages,animalimagesandsceneimages.Fromtheaspectoftheoriginalrelationshipbetweenwomanandnature,EcofeministscriticizedthevalueratingideasandsystemofpatriarchalcontrolformedduringtheEnlightment.Theyjustwantedtoappealpeopletoweavethenetoflifetogethertocreateaharmoniousanddependantsocietywiththenature.Viewingfromtheperspectiveoftheecofeminismthroughimages,thispaperwillreflecttherelationshipbetweenwomenandnaturebetter,thustohighlighttheHardy’sviewonwomenandnature.Keywords:images；Ecofeminism；women；nature；Patriarchalsociety 毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作者签名： 日 期： 指导教师签名： 日 期： 使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。作者签名： 日 期： Contents摘要………………………………………………………………..IABSTRACT……………………………………………………….II1Introduction…………………………………………………………12ImagesofNature……………………………………………………22.1Fogs…………………………………………………………22.2Stars…………………………………………………………32.3Brightness……………………………………………………42.4PlantsandFlowers………………………………………….52.5NaturalBeauty……………………………………………….53ImagesofAnimals……………………………………………………53.1Birds………………………………………………………….53.2Rabbits………………………………………………………83.3Cow…………………………………………………………..83.4Cock………………………………………………………….94ImagesofScenes…………………………………………………….94.1Seasons…………………………………………………….104.2LivingEnvironment…………………………………………115Conclusion……………………………………………………………12 1IntroductionThomasHardyisaremarkablenineteenth-centurynovelistaswellasatwentieth-centurypoet.HewasborninDorset,asouthernvillageofEngland,whichhecalledWessexinhisbooks.Attheageoftwenty-two,HardywenttoLondon,wherehestudiedarchitectureforfiveyearsbutatthesametimehealsobecameinterestedinliteratureandphilosophy.Onhisreturntohisnativecountrysidein1867,Hardyworkedasanarchitectforseveralyears.Hisfirstattemptatliteratureprovedsuccessful.Sohegaveuparchitectureandmadeliteraturehisprofession.Hiscreativeoutputisamazingintheworld.Hardy’sprinciplenovelsdescribethecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.TheyincludeUndertheGreenwoodTree,FarfromtheMaddingCrowd,TheReturnofNative,Tessofthed’Urbervilles,etc.Amongthem,Tessofthed’UrbervillescouldberegardedasthesummitofHardy’sliterarycreation.Sinceitsfirstpublicationin1891,ithasneverceasestodrawattention.Therehasalwaysbeenastrongappealforthereadersandincreasingattentionfromliterarycritics.Amongthemthereispraiseaswellaspenetratingcriticism.Anyway,itsliteraryandmoralsignificancehaswonhimageneralapproval.Inrecentyears,manyforeignanddomesticscholarshavestudiedTessofthed’Urbervillesfromvariousaspectstoillustratethereasonofthetragedyoftheheroine,suchasfeminism,personality,ecofeminism,symbolismandsoon.Ecofeminismemergedinthe1970swithanincreasingconsciousnessoftheconnectionsbetweenwomenandnature.Theterm“ecofeminism,”whichattemptstodescribe“women’spotentialtoaffectenvironmentalchange,”wasintroducedbyFrancoised’Eaubonnein1974.Itsoughttobringattentiontowomen’sroleandhadbeenusedinavarietyofwayssinceitsintroduction.Ecofeminismcanbeunderstoodasananalysisofenvironmentalissuesandconcernsfromafeministopinion.Alsoithadarousedamovementworkingagainsttheoppressionsofgender,race,classandnature. Ecofeminists’sopinionmainlyhasthreepoints.First,theybelievethatwomen,thesymbolofthenature,aremuchclosertonaturethanmen.Second,thephenomenonthatwomenareoppressedbymenisconsistentwiththelawthatnaturehasbeenseriouslysufferedfromhumanbehavior,allthesearedeterminedbytheconceptofmale-dominatesystem.Third,theoriginofwomen’smisfortunederivesfromthedestructionofnaturalresources,thesenseofPatriarchalsocialistandgendercontrols.Inthenovel,Hardycombinedthedescriptionofenvironmentandthecharacterstogether.Tessseemedtobeawomanwithnatureandallherlifewasblendedwiththesurroundings.Whenshewashappyandlucky,everythingwasbright,however,assomemisfortunesfellonher,allthesurroundingswouldbegloomyanddark,coveredwithapessimisticcolor.ThisessayisaimedtoillustratetheecofeminisminTessofthed’Urbervillesthroughanalyzingtheimagesinthenovel,suchasnatureimages,animalimagesandsceneimages.Thusitwillreflecttherelationshipbetweenwomenandnaturebetter,thustohighlighttheHardy’sviewonwomenandnature.2ImagesofNature2.1FogsEcofeminists’sbelievethatwomen,thesymbolofthenature,aremuchclosertonaturethanmen.Whatwomensufferinreallifecanbereflectedthroughthenature.Fogscreateaverymysticimageinthestory.Inthisnovel,wecanseethattherearenumeroussettingswhereThomasHardyemergesfogsanddarkness.ItwasonadarknightthatTesswasseducedbyAlecintheChaseWoods.“…tillafaintluminousfog,whichhashunginthehollowsalltheevening,becamegeneralandenvelopedthem.Itseemedtoholdthemoonlightinsuspension,renderingitmorepervasivethaninclearair…inthisgrowingfogyoumightwanderforhoursamongthesetrees…owingtothisfog,whichsodisguiseseverything…Darknessandsilence ruledeverywherearound.”[Tess,p.61-65]Inthewoods,TessandAlecweresurroundedbyheavyfoganddarkness,soTessdidn’tnoticethatAlechasdeliberatelyapproachedhertoseduceher.HereHardyintroducedthemistysettingtoemphasizethehelplessnessofTesswhenshewasseducedbyAlec.Aftertheseductioninthewoods,Tess’slifewasalwaysaccompaniedbyshadowsofthisuntiltheendofherlife.WhenTessandAngelmaketheirfirstacquaintanceonthediary,“Thespectral,half-compoundedaqueouslightwhichpervadedtheopenmeadimpressedthemwithafeelingofisolation,asiftheywereAdamandEve….[p219-220].Inthefog,TessandAngelwerelikeEveandAdamlivingintheparadise,justasHardywroteinthenovel.Theywereattractedtoeachotherandsoonfellinlove.Herethefogconveyedamessagethatthefutureoftheirrelationshipwasnotgoingtobeapromisingoneandwouldencounterlotsofobstacles.Asweallknow,foggivesusafeelingoffuzzyandconfusion.Inthenovel,fog,closelyconnectedtoTess’sdestiny,hintedthatTess’sfuturelifewouldencountermanytroublesandthenbeinfluencedbytheseshadows.2.2StarsObviously,Hardyintegratednatureintohispictureofcharacters’tragicfate.Forinstance,hemadeagreatdealofdescriptionofthestars.Tess’slittlebrotherAbrahamaskedheraboutstarsduringtheirfatefulnightridewhenthehorsePrincewaskilled.AbrahamwonderedifGodwasontheothersideofthestarsandthenhisnaiveteledustoquestionGod’srealexistence,especiallywhenthestars,inAbraham’spicture,weremuchclosertoEarththanGodwas.AndlateratTalbothays,TessattractedAngel’sattentionbyexplainingtodairymanCrickthatifsheliedonthegrassatnightandlookedatstarsshesoonfeltherselftobeonthestarandnolongerinherbody.Thereasonforherwordsisthatshewasasensitiveandcountygirl,oftenclosetothenature.However,starsaremorethanthis:theywerealsothesymbolofourfates;weshouldfollowthewaythatthey ledus.InTess’spointofview,starsrepresentedawonderfullife.Everytimeshefeltdesperateandconfused,shewouldbecomemorecomfortablejustlookingupatthestarsintheexpansivesky.2.3BrightnessSunhadbeenadoredbyhumanbeingssincethelongancienttimes.Thisisbecausethetreasureitbroughtforpeople,suchasbrightness,warmthcouldpromotethegrowthofeverything.Also,thesunanditsbrightness,describedinthenovel,hadbeenendowedwithascaredandbeautifulmeaning.InTessofthed’Urbervilles,thereweremanysettingsthatdescribedthesunandthethingsitshone.Atthesametime,ithadrepresentedlotsofconnotations:people’shopeintheirmind,thepraiseforbeauty,savior,thepowerofloveandtheexpectationforthefuture.“Tess’shopesmingledwiththesunshineinandidealphotospherewhichsurroundedherassheboundedalongagainstthesoftsouthwind.Sheheardapleasantvoiceineverybreezeandineverybird’snoteseemedtolurkajoy….thesunwasoverlookingtheworldbelow,feelingthateverywhereandeverythingwasfulloffun.”[Tess,p93]Heretheimageofthesunhadbeenpersonalized.AtthattimeTesshadbeenraped,whichcouldn’tbeforgivenbythesociety.However,thewarmsun,playingtheroleofthekindGod,hadoverlookedthewholeworldinkindness,includingguiltTess,inordertoexpressitssympathytoher.ThissympathyderivedformHardy’scompassion,havinggonefarbeyondthereligion.Asweallknow,Tess,acountrygirlfullofsunshine,wasthesameholyastheGod.Shealwaysworesmileonherfaceandhereyeswerefilledwithgentleness.Allhermoodsalwaysbroughtenergyandhappinesstoothers.Evenstrangerswouldbefascinatedbyherfreshnessandthoughtshewasafineandpicturesquegirlandwonderiftheycouldeverseeheragain.However,atthattimeTess’sseductioncouldn’tbetoleratedbythemoralityrepresentedbythechurch.HereHardyjustwantedtoexpresshisforgivenessandcaretoTessthroughthesundescription,which hadviolatedthemoralityofVictoriaTimes.2.4PlantsandFlowersInthisnovel,TesswasdescribedasthedaughterofnaturebyHardy.Fromthebeginningtotheend,Hardyhadcombinedherwiththeplantsalltheway,stressingtherelationshipbetweenTessandtheplantsandhertragicexperiencewiththeimagesofplants.Atthebeginningofthenovel,whenTessappearedforthefirsttime,sheworewhiteclothesandheldabouquetofwhiteflowersinherlefthand.Asweallknow,inthewesternculture,flowersrepresentbeauty,andsohereHardywantedtoexpressthatTesswasasinnocentandbeautifulastheflowersinherhand.2.5NaturalBeautyInthenovel,wecanseethereweremanysettingthatHardydescribedthenatureanditsbeauty,whichwereharmoniouslyconnectedwithourheroine—Tess.ThenaturalbeautysetoffthebeautyofTess,andonthecontrary,theappearanceofTesshadincreasedthejoyofthelivingthingsinnature.Inaword,thenatureandthehumanhadmergedintoeachotherandpresentedharmoniousscenery.3ImagesofAnimals3.1BirdsEcofeministsbelievethatthephenomenonthatwomenareoppressedbymenisconsistentwiththelawthatnaturehasbeenseriouslysufferedfromhumanbehavior,allthesearedeterminedbytheconceptofmale-dominatesystem.Hardybelievedthatpeopleintheworldwerejustlikebirdsincages.Allofthemcouldnotavoidthearrangementofthefate.Birds,themostcommonlittleanimalsin Wessex,whichwerenumerouslyusedinthisnovel,couldappropriatelyconveyamiserableemotiontoourreaders.TheywerealwaysconnectedwithTess’smood,goodorbad.WhenTessworkedatMrs.d’Urberville’shouse,shewasamazedtofindthattheoldwoman’spetfincheswerefrequentlyreleasedtoflyfreethroughouttheroom.Thesebirdsofferedasymbolforhopeandfreedom,whosefateweresimilartoTess.Tesswasborninafamilywhichsufferedfromheavyfinancialburdensandshewastheoldestchildinherfamily.Soshehadtotaketheresponsibilitytohelpherparentstoreducetheburdentosomeextent.Whenhermotheraskedhertoclaimkintotheso-calleddistantrelatives,sherefusedatonceandfeltthatshecouldn’tunderstandhermother’sbehavior.However,asshelearntthatthehorse---theonlytransportationtoolhaddiedandherfatherhadtoworkouttosupportthewholefamily,shehadnochoicebuttogo,althoughitwasagainstherintension.Becauseshethoughtthatitwasherignorancethathadbroughtfinancialproblemstoherfamilyandshehadtomakeupforthis.Soshesteppedintoherwaytoseekhelpfromtheso-calleddistantrelatives.Asweallknow,inthepatriarchalsocietyitwasanidealmarriageforgirlstomarryarichpersoninthetraditionalconception,anditwasanimportantmethodofrealizingone’svaluesforwomenatthattime.DidthestoryofCinderellarevealtheidealofthetraditionalmarriage?However,Tessdidn’tdolikethat,shewouldratherrelyonherselfthanputherfuturelifeonothers.Itwasjustthepressurefromtherealitylifethatforcedhertoaskforhelpwhichwasagainstherwilling.WhenTesswasseducedbyAlec,thebirdsinthetreesweresleeping.Darknessandsilenceruledeverywherearound.Thesebirdsinnaprepresentedthepure,innocentandkind-heartedTesswhowasrapedwhenshehadnophysicalstrengthtoresist.Ifthebirds,wemayimage,didn’tfallasleep,thenwhatwouldhappentoTess?Obviously,Tesswouldbewokenupbythesebirdsandtheresultwouldbecompletelydifferent.However,thesebirds,likeTess,sogentle-natureandinnocentaboutthecomplicatedworld,remainedsilentduringtheseductionandthismarkedthestartofthetragedyofTess.WhenTessstartedtogotoTalbothaysDairyforanewlife--afterherspirit recoveryfromtheseduction，sherealizedthemusicalnoteofhappinessfromthesweetsingingofthebirds,“thebird’s-eyeperspectivebeforeherwasnotsoluxuriantlybeautiful,perhaps,asthatotheronewhichsheknewsowell;yetitwasmorecheering.Itlackedtheintenselyblueatmosphereoftherivalvale,anditsheavysoilsandscents;thenewairwasclear,bracing,ethereal.”ThisshowedTess—theinsultedhadastrongdesireforanewlife.Herspirits,herthankfulness,andherhopesrosehigherandhigheragain.AfterherconfessionoftheseductionbyAlec,TesswasdesertedbyAngelruthlessly.AngelleftherforBrazil,soshewenthome.Thereforethegreatpovertyofherfamilyagaindroppedonhershoulder.Owingtoherstrongresponsibilityforherfamily,shehadtocomeouttofindajobtomakealiving.Onherwayshewasinsultedbyavillagerwithcoarsewords.Feelinglikebeinghumiliated,sheranintoaforestandmadeaholewithleavestosleepin.However,onthenextmorning,whenshewokeupsheperceived“theplantationwhereinshehastakenshelterrandownatthisspotintoapeak,whichendedithitherward,outsidethehedgebeingarableground.Underthetreesseveralpheasantslayabout,theirrichplumagedabbledwithblood;someweredead,somefeeblytwitchingawing,somestaringupatthesky,someweredead,somepulsatingquickly,somecontorted,somestretchedout—allofthemwrithinginagony,exceptthefortunateoneswhosetortureshadendedduringthenightbytheinabilityofnaturetobearmore.”[Tess,p.253]Alltheseseriously-hurtpheasantswerenotfreeanymore.Inaword,theywerethevictimsoftheearthlyviolence.Theirpainderivedfromthecrueltyandcoldnessofthenatureandtheworld.Consideringthesebirdshadnohopeofrecovery,Tess’sfirstthoughtwastoputthestilllivingthingsoutoftheirtorture,soshekilledthemgentlyonebyoneandputanendtotheirmiserablelife.ThedeathofthesebirdsindicatedthatthepainfullifeofTesswouldcometoanendwithdeathsoonandshewouldburyherloveatlastbyherself,justlikewhatshedidtothesebirds.Fromthefurtheranalysis,Hardywantedtoshowpeopletheirtragicdestiniesduringthetransitionfromtraditiontomodernizationthroughthedescriptionofthesebirds’destiny.Moderncivilization,especiallymechanicalcivilization,haddevastate dthetraditionalecologicalenvironment,bringinglotsofdamagetohumanbeings.Atthesametime,peoplewereplayedtricksbytheunexploredmysticpower,suchasdestiny.Ourwholelifewaspregnantwithchances,uncertaintyandirregular.3.2RabbitsRabbitsalsoappearedmanytimesinthenovel.IntheEuropeansymbolismofthemiddleages,rabbitswererecognizedastheexuberantlibidofortheirhighreproductionrateandmatingatanytime.Duringtheearlierperiods,rabbits’anotherfeaturehadbeenmentionedbythephysiologists---havingnoresistance.Thus,theyhadbeenthoughtasthesymbolofpietyandusuallyappearedinthepicturesoftheChristianity.Andinourdailylife,rabbitsareakindofpure,weakandlovelyanimals,andtheyarealwayspresentedastheoppositeofthetimberwolves,sly,greedyandevil.ItwaswhenAlecpremeditatedTessthattherabbitcameoutforthefirsttime.Heretheroleoftherabbitcouldbeunderstoodaskillingtwobirdswithonestone.Ontheonehand,itmeantAlec’sexuberantlibido,andontheotherhand,itrepresentedTess’shelplessnessandgoodness.Itappearedasalovelyappearanceforthesecondtime;theywerejumpingandbouncinginthemoonlight.Heretheimageoftherabbitcouldbeunderstoodaspurity.Therefore,itwasnotdifficultforustounderstandthatTessthoughtthatshebrokeintoaninnocentandharmoniousworldwhenshecameoutinatranquilscene,composedbyrabbits,birdsandchickens.3.3CowsWhenworkingonthediary,TessmetAngelandtheyfellinlovewitheachother.WhenClarekneltdownbesideherandhuggedhertightlyinhisarms,“Tesswastakencompletelybysurprise,andsheyieldedtohisembracewithunreflectinginevitableness.Havingseenthatitwasreallyherloverwhohadadvanced,andnotoneelse,herlipsparted,andshesankuponhiminhermomentaryjoy,withsomethingverylikeanecstaticcry…OldPrettybythistimehadlookedaround,puzzled;andseeingtwopeoplecrouchingunderherwhere,byimmemorialcustom, thereshouldhavebeenonlyone,liftedherhindlegcrossly.”[Tess,p.136]HereOldPrettywasacow.Wemayconcludefromthedescriptionthat,ontheonehand,TesswasfilledwithhappinessofbeinglovedbyAngeland,ontheotherhand,thecow’representedtheperceptionofwhatthesocietythoughtabouttheirlove.Evenanimalscouldn’tunderstandTess’slovewithClare.Becauseshewasconsideredamorallydecayedwomanwhohadlosthervirginity,sheshouldn’treceiveanysympathyandhavenorightofbeingloved.Fromthispartofdescription,wecouldlearnthatHardywantedtoannouncethehypocrisyandcrueltyofsecularideasduringcapitalism.AlsoithintedthatTess’smarriagewithAngel,whowasfromarespectfulpriest’sfamily,wouldendwithbreakandtragedy.3.4CockAnotherexamplewasthatonthedayoftheirmarriage,thereappearedunharmoniousscenerywhenbothofthemwereenjoyingthemselves,“itwasinterruptedbythecrowingofacock.Thewhiteonewiththerosecombhadcomeandsettledonthepalingsinfrontofthehouse,withinafewyardsifthem,andhisnotesthrilledtheirearsthrough,dwindlingawaylikeechoesdownavalleyofrocks.”[Tess,p195]Allthepeoplepresentthoughtthattheafternooncrowwasbad.However,thecockcrewedagainandagain---straighttowardsClare.Tesssaidshedisliketohearthecrowningandtellthemantodriveon.HereHardywrotetheafternooncrowofacockjusttohintthattheremustbesometroublestohappenaftertheirmarriageandtheycouldn’tenjoyahappylifetogether.AgainitstressedTess’tragedyandunfairnessthelifehadbroughttoher.4ImagesofScenes4.1Seasons Ecofeministsthinkthattheoriginoffeministcomesfromthedevastationsofnaturalresources,patriarchalsocialistconsciousnessandgenderrule.Inthenovel,Hardyhighlightedtheenvironmentalaffectiononone’spersonalitythroughthedescriptionofsurroundings.Tess,bornasapureandprettygirl,livedinthebeautifulvalley,wasfreefromtheinfluenceofsocialconventionsandmoralstandards.Herpuritywasobviouslynotwelcomedatthattime.Sowhenshecameouttostepintothesociety,shefoundthatitwasdifficultforhertointegrateharmoniouslyintothesociety.Thus,asaresult,shebecamethevictimhersociety.WhatdeservedourattentioninthenovelwasthatthetransitionofseasonswaswellmatchedwithTess’sexperienceindifferentperiods.SeasonchangeshadreflectedTess’scircumstancesandemotions.ItwasinspringthatTesscametoMrs.d’Urberville’sfortheclaimofthekinship.Atthattime,Tesswasstillofpurityinmindandfullofdesireandambitionforthefuturelife.Also,itwasinspringafterthreeyearsthatTessmetAngelandfellinlovewithhimontheTalbothaysDairy.Theybothhadaverywonderfultimethere,whichcouldberecognizedthehappiesttimeinTess’swholelife.However,itwasinautumnthatlotsofmisfortuneshappenedtoTess.ShewasseducedbyAlecinautumn,andhermarriagetoAngelwasdecidedontheeveofNewYear.Asweallknew,NewYearrepresentedthereplacementofthenewandtheold,whichmeantthattherewouldbeagreatchangetoTess’sdestiny.AlsoitwasindesolateautumnAngelbrokeupwithherandlefther,whichcouldbemarkedasthemostsorrowfulofherexperiences.Atlastherescapeandarrestwasalsoinautumn.Inconclusion,thewholelifeanddestinyofTesshadchangedwiththetransitionoftheseasons,beingvibrantwiththecomingofspringandbeingbleakwiththecomingofautumn.ItwasinMaythatTessleftherfamilyforthedairy,wheneverythingcametolives.Thevalleywasbeautifulandabundant,thetreesandgrassesallrevivedandbirdsbegantosingtoenjoythemselves.HeretherevivalofthenaturerepresentedtherecoveryofTess’sspritfromtheseduction,hintingthestartofhernewlifeandthelongingforfuturehappiness. Theseasondevelopedandmatured,whichwasconsistentwithTess’slovewithAngel.“TessandClareunconsciouslystudiedwitheachother,everbalancedontheedgeofapassion,yetapparentlykeepingoutofit.Allthewhiletheywereconverging,underanirresistiblelaw,assurelyastwostreamsinonevale….Thespectral,half-compounded,andaqueouslightwhichpervadedtheopenmead,impressedthemwithafeelingofisolation,asiftheywereAdamandEve.”[Tess,p116-117]AftertheabandonmentbyAngel,Tesshadnochoicebuttoworkinadesolatevillage,wheretheworkingandlivingconditionswereverysimpleandcrude.Therewasnothingexceptthebarrenlandandpiercinglycoldwind.“Therewasnotatreewithinsight;therewasnot,atthisseason,agreenpasture---nothingbutfallowandturnipseverywhere;inlargefieldsdividedbyhedgesplashedtounrelievedlevels.”[Tess,p258]Wecouldhaveastrongsensethatthedepressionandnervousnessbothingeographyandemotionhadcometothemosttheterriblesituation.Inthisnovel,withthetransitionoftheseasons,fromspringtowinter,Tess’ssituationsandworkingconditionshadalsochanged.SotheseasontransitionalsosymbolizedTess’sdestiny.4.2LivingenvironmentTesswasoriginallyapureandkind-heartedcountrygirl,borninthebeautifulValeofBlakemore.Itwasavalewhoseacquaintancewasbestmadebyviewingitfromthesummitsofthehillsthatsurroundedit.Thesefertileandshelteredfieldswereneverbrownandthespringsneverdried.“Here,inthevalley,theworldseemstobeconstructeduponasmallerandmoredelicatescale…..Arablelandsarefewandlimited;withbutslightexceptionstheprospectisabroadrichmassofgrassandtress,mantlingminorhillsanddaleswithinthemajor.”[Tess,p6]LateryearssheworkedonTalbothaysDairy,whichwassetonaprairiestretchedtotheeastandwestasfarastheeyecouldreach.“Theriverhasstolenfromthehighertractsandbroughtinparticlestothevaleallthishorizontalland;andnow,exhausted,aged,andattenuated,layserpentiningalongthroughthemidstofits formerspoils.”[Tess,p.94]Howplainandpleasantthecountryviewwas!Sheepwererunninghappilyonthegreatprairieandbirdsweresingingsweetly.Thisplace,farfromthecity,hadnotbeenpollutedbytheindustrialcivilization.ItwassuchapurelandthatbroughtupTess,pure,benevolentandvirtuous.Therefore,shewasalwayscontrolled,manipulatedandtookadvantagebyothers.Forexample,shewasrapedbyAlecbecauseofherinnocenceandpurity;thesamewastoherdesertionbyAngel,herhusband.However,thesocietydidn’tgivesympathytoTess;onthecontrary,theyruthlesslyregardedherasanindecentwomanandcouldn’tputupwithherbehaviors.TheydidnotdeplorewhatAlechaddoneatallandthoughtthatmencoulddoanythingtheylikedwhilewomenwoulddeserveblameandpunishmentaccordingtothedoublestandardsoftheethictheory.5ConclusionInTessofthed’Urbervilles,HardypresentedavividpictureofTess’stragiclifeandherfightforherownrightsandfreedom;however,itendedwithfailure.Intheprocessofpursingherownvalue,Tessencounteredlotsofmisfortunesandshefailedtodealwiththemproperly.Intheecofeminists’view,femaleswereintheoppressedpositionandtheywerethoughttobeinferiortomales,andtherearemorelimitationsforthem.Inthenovel,Tess,daughterofthenature,wasbornapureandbeautifulcountrygirl.However,shewasseducedbyAleconadarknightinthewoodswhenshewasyoung,andinherlateryears,shewasdesertedbyherhusband-Angelaftertheirshortmarriage.Furthermore,shekilledAlecbecauseofmanyreasons,andstartedherfugitivelife;unfortunately,shewasarrestedatlast.Inthenovel,HardywantedtoexpresshissympathyforTessandthewomeninVictoriatimes.Hethoughtwomenshouldsharethesamerightsandstatuesasmen,notjustbemanipulatedbymale.However,thisideawasopposedbythesocietyandcouldnotarousepeople’sresonanceatthattime.Nevertheless,Hardyhopedthatwomen’spositioncouldbe improvedsomedayandtheycouldfindtheirownhappylifeandrealizetheirvaluesthroughtheirefforts
