《量子物理基础》ppt课件

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1、大学物理量子物理QUANTUMPHYSICS量子力学的建立经典物理（-1900年）德布洛意物质波海森伯矩阵力学薛定格波动力学狄拉克量子力学量子力学（1923-1927年）普朗克能量量子化爱因斯坦光量子论玻尔量子论旧量子论（1900-1913年）量子力学的问题和应用birthdayofquantummechanicsMaxPlanck(1858-1947)NobelPrize191814December1900Planck(age42)suggeststhatradiationisquantizedE=

2、hnh=6.626x10-34J•s1897Thompson(age41)NobelPrize1906measurestheelectron"plumpudding"model1905Einstein(age26)proposesthephoton1911Rutherford(age40)infersthenucleusStatusofphysicsAlbertEinstein(1879-1955)NobelPrize19211913,Bohr(age28)constructsatheoryofato

3、m1921BohrInstituteopenedinCopenhagen(Denmark)Itbecamealeadingcenterforquantumphysics(Pauli,Heisenberg,Dirac,…)NielsBohr(1885-1962)NobelPrize1922oldquantumtheory旧量子论wavefunctionformulationofquantummechanicsErwinSchrödinger(1887-1961)NobelPrize19331923DeB

4、roglie(age31)matterhaswavepropertiesLouisdeBroglie(1892-1987)NobelPrize19291926Schrödinger(age39)SchrödingerequationmatrixformulationofquantummechanicsWernerHeisenberg(1901-1976)NobelPrize19321925atGöttingen(Germany)M.Born(age43)W.Heisenberg(age23)P.Jor

5、dan(age22)MaxBorn(1882-1970)NobelPrize1954德布罗意波是概率波1926ErwinSchrödingerinAustriaCarlEckert(age24)inAmericaProved:wavemechanics=matrixmechanics(SchrödingerandHeisenbergtheoriesequivalentmathematically)Schrödinger'swavemechanicseventuallybecamethemethodof

6、choice,becauseitislessabstractandeasiertounderstandthanHeisenberg'smatrixmechanicsNeumann(mathematician)inventedoperatortheoryLargelybecauseofhiswork(publishhisbookin1932),quantumphysicsandoperatortheorycanbeviewedastwoaspectsofthesamesubject.wavemechan

7、ics=matrixmechanicsPaulDirac(1902-1984)NobelPrize19331925Pauli(age25)PauliexclusionprincipleWolfgangPauli(1900-1958)NobelPrize19451928Dirac(age26)Diracequation(quantum+relativity)1927SolvayConferenceHeldinBelgium,theconferencewasattendedbytheworld'smost

8、notablephysiciststodiscussthenewlyformulatedquantumtheory.量子力学Anumberofscientists,includingSchrödinger,deBroglie,andmostprominentlyEinstein,remainedunhappywiththestandardprobabilisticinterpretationofquantummechanics.任何能思考量子力学而又没有