2018中石化第一次分级测试真题[阅读+翻译+写作]

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1、阅读篇章1当前题号：第1-10题，总题数：50题5LineLowwages,chronicunemploymentandunderemploymentleadtolowincome,lackofpropertyownership,absenceofsavings,absenceoffoodreservesinthehome,andachronicshortageofcash.Theseconditionsreducethepossibilityofeffectiveparticipationinthelargerecono

2、micsystem.Andasaresponsetotheseconditionswefindinthe10cultureofpovertyahighincidenceofpawningpersonalgoods,borrowingfromlocalmoney-lendersathigherratesofinterest,spontaneousinformalcreditdevicesorganizedbyneighbors,theuseofsecondhandclothingandfurniture,andthepatt

3、ernoffrequentbuyingofsmallquantitiesoffoodmanytimesadayastheneedarises.15Peoplewithacultureofpovertyproduceverylittlewealthandreceiveverylittleinreturn.Theyhavealowlevelofliteracyandeducation,usuallydonotbelongtolaborunions,arenotmembersofpoliticalparties,generall

4、ydonotparticipateinthenationalwelfareagencies,andmakeverylittleuseofbanks,hospitals,departmentstores,museumsorartgalleries.Theyhaveacriticalattitudetowardsomeorthebasicinstitutionsofthedominantclasses,hatredofthepolice,mistrustofgovernment,andacynicismthatextendse

5、ventothechurch.20ThisgivesthecultureofpovertyahighpotentialforprotestandforBeingusedinpoliticalmovementsaimedagainsttheexistingsocialorder.Peoplewithacultureofpovertyareawareofmiddle-classvalues,talkaboutthemandevenclaimsomeofthemastheirown,butonthe25wholetheydono

6、tlivebythem.Thusitisimportanttodistinguishbetweenwhattheysayandwhattheydo.Forexample,manywilltellyouthatmarriagebylaw,bythechurch,orbybothistheidealformofmarriage,butfewwillmarry.Tomenwhohavenosteadyjobsorothersourcesofincome,whodonotownpropertyandhavenowealthtopa

7、ss30ontotheirchildren,whoarepresent-timeorientedandwhowanttoavoidtheexpenseandlegaldifficultiesinvolvedinformalmarriageanddivorce,freeunionsorconsensualmarriagesmakealotofsense.Womenwilloftenturndownoffersofmarriagebecausetheyfeelittiesthemdowntomen.Womenfeelthatc

8、onsensualuniongivesthema35betterbreak;itgivesthemsomeofthefreedomandflexibilitythatmenhave.Bynotgivingthefathersoftheirchildrenlegalstatusashusbands,the