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1、ChapterFive Meaning11.TheStudyofMeaningSemantics:Themeaningofwords:LexicalsemanticsThemeaningofsentences:Propositionalmeaning,compositionalmeaningLinguisticsemanticsvs.Logicalsemantics/philosophicalsemanticsPragmatics:Themeaningofutterances22.SemanticMeaningSemanticsisthestudyofm
2、eaninginlanguage.Meaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists.E.g.Plato&Aristotle.3Logiciansandphilosophershavetendedtoconcentrateonarestrictedrangeofsentences(typically,statements,or‘propositions’)withinasinglelanguage.Thelinguisticapproachisbroad
3、erinscope,aimingtostudythepropertiesofmeaninginasystematicandobjectiveway,withreferencetoaswidearangeofutterancesandlanguagesaspossible.43.ThemeaningofmeaningC.K.Ogden&I.A.Richards(1923).TheMeaningofMeaning.Johnmeanstowrite.Agreenlightmeanstogo.5Healthmeanseverything.Hislookwasfu
4、llofmeaning.6Whatisthemeaningoflife?7Whatdoes‘capitalist’meantoyou?8Whatdoes‘cornea’mean?Thetransparent,convex,anteriorportionoftheouterfibrouscoatoftheeyeballthatcoverstheirisandthepupilandiscontinuouswiththesclera.9GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaning.Seventypes
5、ofmeaning:ConceptualmeaningConnotativemeaningSocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedandmeaningCollocativemeaningThematicmeaningAssociativeMeaning10(1)ConceptualmeaningAlsocalled‘denotative’or‘cognitive’meaning.Referstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.Concernedwiththerelationsh
6、ipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.11(2)ConnotativemeaningThecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Amultitudeofadditional,non-criterialproperties,includingnotonlyphysicalcharacteristicsbutalsopsychologicalandso
7、cialproperties,aswellastypicalfeatures.12Involvingthe‘realworld’experienceoneassociateswithanexpressionwhenoneusesorhearsit.Unstable:theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.Anycharacteristicofthereferent,identifiedsubjectivelyorobje
8、ctively,maycontributetotheconnotativemea
