1994年考研英语真题和答案解析

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1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],B),[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)1.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we________inEuropefortwoweeks.[A]shallstay[B]havestayed[C]willhavestayed[D]havebeenstaying2.Iappreciated________theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.[A]havingbeengiven[B]havinggiven[C]tohavebeengiven[D]tohavegiven3.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,________obtainingwaterisnottheleast.[A]ofwhich[B]forwhat[C]as[D]whose4.Theheartis________intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore[D]nomore5.________thefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,Prof.Whitepersistedinhisresearch.[A]Becauseof[B]Asto[C]Inspiteof[D]Inviewof6.JeanWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit________inreligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference. [A]istobeanalyzed[B]hasbeenanalyzed[C]beanalyzed[D]shouldhavebeenanalyzed7.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,________allpracticalvaluebythetimetheyfinished.[A]couldlose[B]wouldhavelost[C]mightlose[D]oughttohavelost8.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetas________earnedbyhisownlabour.[A]one[B]that[C]such[D]what9.Itisn’tcoldenoughforthere________afrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.[A]wouldbe[B]being[C]was[D]tobe10.ScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth’sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100years________ithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.[A]aslongas[B]asmuchas[C]assoonas[D]aswellasPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)11.Similarelementsintheprehistoricremains[A]frombothareassuggest[B]thatIndiansandtheirneighbourshadmaintained[C]distantbutrealconnectionsever[D]before1500B.C.12.Itsoonbecameobviously[A]thatinsteadofbeingtrained[B]tosingshewould[C]betrainedas[D]theastronomer’sassistant.13.Healsoconceived[A]thatthesolarsystemandtheuniversewouldcome[B]intoexistenceby[C]anaturalprocessandwoulddisappear[D]oneday.14.Themoonhasamassthatisnearlyonehundredtimesless[A]thantheearth[B];inconsequence[C],theforceof[D]gravityatthemoon’ssurfaceisonlyone-sixthofthatattheearth’ssurface.15.“TheBunsenburnerisso[A]namedbecauseitisthought[B]tobeinvented[C]byRobert Bunsen,whowasGermanby[D]birth.16.Muchalthough[A]Ihavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequal[B]herinthoroughness,whatever[C]thejob[D].17.Theweeds[A]andtallgrassinthatyardmakes[B]thehouselook[C]asifithadbeenvacant[D]forquitesometime.18.Ifonly[A]thenatureoftheagingprocessis[B]betterunderstood,thepossibilityofdiscovering[C]amedicinethatcanblockthefundamentalprocessofagingseems[D]veryremote.19.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheis[A]asapainter[B],Icannothelpbutbelieving[C]thatthepublic[D]willappreciatehisgift.20.Allenhasstated[A]thathehasalwayshad[B]agreatinterest[C]andadmirationfor[D]theworkoftheBritisheconomistKeynes.PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Pleasedonotbe________byhisbadmannerssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.[A]disregarded[B]distorted[C]irritated[D]intervened22.Craigassuredhisbossthathewould________allhisenergiesindoingthisnewjob.[A]callforth[B]callat[C]callon[D]calloff23.Toomuch________toX-rayscancauseskinburns,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.[A]disclosure[B]exhibition[C]contact[D]exposure24.Whenconfrontedwithsuchquestions,mymindgoes________,andIcanhardlyremembermyowndateofbirth.[A]dim[B]blank[C]faint[D]vain25.Itiswellknownthatknowledgeisthe________conditionforexpansionofmind.[A]incompatible [B]incredible[C]indefinite[D]indispensable26.MorethantwohundredyearsagotheUnitedStates________fromtheBritishEmpireandbecomeanindependentcountry.[A]gotoff[B]pulleddown[C]brokeaway[D]attachedto27.Careshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneis________loudcontinuousnoise.[A]subjectedto[B]filledwith[C]associatedwith[D]droppedoff28.Someofthemostimportantconceptsinphysics________theirsuccesstothesemathematicalsystems.[A]oblige[B]owe[C]contribute[D]attribute29.Asyourinstructoradvised,yououghttospendyourtimeonsomething________researchinginto.[A]precious[B]worth[C]worthy[D]valuable30.Asadefenseagainstair-pollutiondamage,manyplantsandanimals________asubstancetoabsorbharmfulchemicals.[A]relieve[B]release[C]dismiss[D]discard31.Withoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewould________beabletowalk.[A]innotime[B]byallmeans[C]innoway[D]onanyaccount32.Whiletyping,Helenhasahabitofstopping________togiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth. [A]occasionally[B]simultaneously[C]eventually[D]promptly33.OnereasonforthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthattheyhavetakengreat________toeducatetheirchildren.[A]efforts[B]pains[C]attempts[D]endeavours34.Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould________hisownplanforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.[A]puton[B]putout[C]putin[D]putforward35.Isupportyourdecision,butIshouldalsomakeitclearthatIamnotgoingtobe________toit.[A]connected[B]fastened[C]bound[D]stuck36.TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(n)________ofwordswhicharecomparativeseldomusedinordinaryconversation.[A]altitude[B]latitude[C]multitude[D]attitude37.Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe________oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude[D]scope38.Yourimproperwordswillgive________todoubtsconcerningyourtrueintentions.[A]rise[B]reason[C]suspicion[D]impulse39.Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmade________.[A]onthespot [B]onthesite[C]onthelocation[D]ontheground40.Theremarkable________oflifeontheGalopagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.[A]classification[B]variety[C]density[D]diversionSectionII:ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinfollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis__41__theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof__42__breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords__43__ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay__44__unfavorablereactionsinthelistener__45__interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.__46__,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake__47__difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe__48__whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe__49__toexplainordescribeina__50__thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.41.[A]of[B]at[C]for[D]on42.[A]inaccessible[B]timely[C]likely[D]invalid43.[A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroys[D]offers44.[A]passout[B]takeaway [C]backup[D]stirup45.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what46.[A]Moreover[B]However[C]Preliminarily[D]Unexpectedly47.[A]that[B]It[C]so[D]this48.[A]speech[B]sense[C]message[D]meaning49.[A]obscure[B]difficult[C]impossible[D]unable50.[A]case[B]means[C]method[D]waySectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points) Text1TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.51.InLine11,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means________.[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes52.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat________.[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices53.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby________.[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned [B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol[C]ownershipofproductiveresources[D]freecontractsandprices54.Thepassageismainlyabout________.[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofitsText2OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon--it’salreadyhere.Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.55.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto________.[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto56.Fromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat________.[A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestoday [C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore57.Thephrase“ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“________”.[A]makeanorderofgoods[B]recordsalesonacashregister[C]callthesalesmanager[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock58.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.Text3Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding--theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry’sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren--therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren--disabledornot--toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.59.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat[A]thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandthesociety[B]exceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenare [C]exceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsociety[D]theneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalchildren60.Thereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat________.[A]theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesociety[B]theymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety[C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotentials[D]disabledchildrendeservespecialconsideration61.Thispassagemainlydealswith________.[A]thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilities[B]thedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernsociety[C]thespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren[D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildren62.Fromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptionalchildren________.[A]isnowenjoyinglegalsupport[B]disagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry[C]wasclearlystatedbythecountry’sfounders[D]willexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisionsText4“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe’llknowinvastdetailhowcancercellsarise,”saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer.“But,”hecautions,“somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur,hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.”Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging--13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas.Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers.“Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,”saysoncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan’tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter. “First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction.”63.TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto________.[A]predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade[B]indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright[C]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears[D]warnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered64.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2000,________.[A]therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancerpatients[B]90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbeliving[C]thesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancers[D]therewon’tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerpatients65.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes________.[A]thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthyperson[B]whichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivated[C]thatcanbedrivenoutofnormalcells[D]whichnormalcellscan’tturnoff66.Theword“dormant”inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans________.[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive[D]potentialText5Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemoldonapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal--andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,”wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:“Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?” Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.67.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind”inthefirstparagraph?[A]Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.[B]Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.[C]Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.[D]Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.68.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?[A]Thevarietyofideastheyhave.[B]Theintelligencetheypossess.[C]Thewaytheydealwithproblems.[D]Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.69.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because________.[A]RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity[B]thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings[C]thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch’spointofview[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented70.Thephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare________.[A]diligentinpursuingtheirgoals[B]reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings[C]devotedtotheprogressofscience[D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsocietySectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)“Inshort,”aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamental innovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.(74)Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.SectionV:WritingDirections:[A]Title:ONMAKINGFRIENDS[B]TIMELIMIT:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.”[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:l.Theneedforfriends2.Truefriendship3.Myprincipleinmakingfriends1994年标准答案 SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[C]2.[A]3.[A]4.[D]5.[C]6.[C]7.[B]8.[B]9.[D]10.[B]PartB(5points)11.[D]even12.[A]obvious13.[B]hadcome14.[B]thatoftheearth15.[C]tohavebeeninvented16.[A]Muchas或Muchthough17.[B]make18.[A]Unless(=if...not)19.[C]删去but或将believing改为believe20.[C]agreatinterestinPartC(10points)21.[C]22.[A]23.[D]24.[B]25.[D]26.[C]27.[A]28.[B]29.[B]30.[B]31.[C]32.[A]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[C]37.[D]38.[A]39.[A]40.[B]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[A]42.[C]43.[B]44.[D]45.[C]46.[A]47.[B]48.[C]49.[D]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[D]53.[A]54.[C]55.[B]56.[C]57.[B]58.[B]59.[A]60.[C]61.[D]62.[A]63.[D]64.[D]65.[B]66.[C]67.[A]68.[C]69.[B]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points) 71.他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。72.新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”73.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。74.伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。75.政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文：Asahuman,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Infact,friendsaresometimesmorecrucialandusefultousthanourownfamilymembers.Ourjoysaremorepleasantwhenwehaveafriendtosharethem;andoursorrowsareeasiertohearifwehaveafriendatourside.Indeed,wesometimesfinditeasiertoconfideinfriendswhenwehavesecretswefeelreluctanttorevealtoevenourclosestrelatives.However,notallthepeopleweareaccustomedtocallingfriendsarefriendsinthetruesenseoftheword;mostofthepeoplewesharesocialoccasionswitharemerelyacquaintances.Realfriendshipinvolvessincerely,mutualtrustandself-sacrifice,bothinmomentsofhappinessandonoccasionsofcrisis.Atruefriendwillnotjusttelluswhatwewanttohear,butadviseustodowhatheorshethinksisreallybestforusinthelongrun.Myprincipleinmakingfriendsistoignorethingslikewhatworktheydoandwhattheirsocialbackgroundsare,but,instead,toobservecarefullythelittlethingsthatrevealtheircharacters.Onlyinthisway,canwebesurethatthesefriendswillneverletmedown,andthatwewillalwaysbereadytohelpeachothernomatterwhatproblemscropup.