《金融学外文翻译》word版

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1、目录外文文献11.Introduction12.Gamesandgametheory23.Theoriesofsocialpreferences34.Whydogameexperiments?Andwhichgames?35.Conclusions4中文翻译41.摘要42.博弈和博弈论53.社会偏好理论64.为什么用博弈做实验？用什么博弈？65.结论6外文文献MeasuringSocialNormsandPreferencesusingExperimentalGames:AGuideforSocialScientistsColinF.CamererandErnstFehr1.I

2、ntroductionThepurposeofthischapteristodescribeamenuofexperimentalgamesthatareusefulformeasuringaspectsofsocialnormsandsocialpreferences.Economistsusetheterm“preferences”torefertothechoicespeoplemake,andparticularlytotradeoffsbetweendifferentcollections(“bundles”)ofthingstheyvalue—food,money,

3、time,prestige,andsoforth.“Socialpreferences”refertohowpeoplerankdifferentallocationsofmaterialpayoffstothemselvesandothers.Self-interestedindividualscareonlyabouttheirownmaterialpayoffs.Thepasttwodecadesofexperimentalresearchhaveshown,however,thatasubstantialfractionofpeopleindevelopedcountr

4、ies(typicallycollegestudents)alsocareaboutthepayoffsofothers.Insomesituations,manypeoplearewillingtospendresourcestoreducethepayoffofothers.Inothersituations,thesamepeoplespendresourcestoincreasethepayoffofothers.Aswewillsee,thewillingnesstoreduceorincreasethepayoffofrelevantreferenceactorse

5、xistseventhoughpeoplereapneitherpresentnorfuturematerialrewardsfromreducingorincreasingpayoffsofothers.Thisindicatesthat,inadditiontoself-interestedbehavior,peoplesometimesbehaveasiftheyhavealtruisticpreferences,andpreferencesforequalityandreciprocity.1Reciprocity,aswedefineithere,isdifferen

6、tfromthenotionofreciprocalaltruisminevolutionarybiology.Reciprocitymeansthatpeoplearewillingtorewardfriendlyactionsandtopunishhostileactionsalthoughtherewardorpunishmentcausesanetreductioninthematerialpayoffofthosewhorewardorpunish.Similarly,peoplewhodislikeinequalityarewillingtotakecostlyac

7、tionstoreduceinequalityalthoughthismayresultinanetreductionoftheirmaterialpayoff.Reciprocalaltruismtypicallyassumesthatreciprocationyieldsanetincreaseinthematerialpayoff(forexample,becauseoneplayer’sactionearnsthemareputationwhichbenefitstheminthef