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1、PhilosophyGreekphilosophialoveofwisdomInthatsense,wisdomistheactiveuseofintelligence,notsomethingpassivethatapersonsimplypossesses.Aninescapablepartof人类生存不可逃避的存在humanexistence"Whatdoeslifemean?""DidIhaveanyexistencebeforeIwasborn?""Istherelifeafterdeath?"Orientalphilosophy(China)Confucianismaime
2、dtohelppeoplelivebetterandmorerewardinglivesbydisciplineandbyinstructioninthepropergoalsoflife.Taoism,MohismOrientalphilosophy(India)ThemainaimofIndianphilosophywasfreedomfromthesufferingandtensioncausedbythebodyandthesensesandbyattachmenttoworldlythings.ThemainphilosophiesdevelopedinIndiawereHi
3、nduismandBuddhism,whichwerealsoreligions.reincarnationWesternPhilosophyThebranchesare(1)metaphysics,(2)epistemology,(3)logic,(4)ethics,and(5)aesthetics.（1）形而上学metaphysics"Whatisreal?""Whatisthedistinctionbetweenappearanceandreality?”"Whatarethemostgeneralprinciplesandconceptsbywhichourexperience
4、scanbeinterpretedandunderstood?”"Dowepossessfreewillorareouractionsdeterminedbycausesoverwhichwehavenocontrol?"(2)认知论Epistemology"Whatarethefeaturesofgenuineknowledgeasdistinctfromwhatappearstobeknowledge?”"Whatistruth,andhowcanweknowwhatistrueandwhatisfalse?”"Aretheredifferentkindsofknowledge,w
5、ithdifferentgroundsandcharacteristics?"(3)Logicisthestudyoftheprinciplesandmethodsofreasoning.Itexploreshowwedistinguishbetweengood(orsound)reasoningandbad(orunsound)reasoning.Aninstanceofreasoningiscalledanargumentoraninference.Anargumentconsistsofasetofstatementscalledpremisestogetherwithastat
6、ementcalledtheconclusion,whichissupposedtobesupportedbyorderivedfromthepremises.deductiveandinductive.(4)Ethicsconcernshumanconduct,character,andvalues.Itstudiesthenatureofrightandwrongandthedistinctionbetweengoodandevil.Ethicsexploresthenatureofjusticeandofajustsociety,andalsoone'sobligationsto
7、oneself,toothers,andtosociety.(5)Aestheticsdealswiththecreationandprinciplesofartandbeauty.Italsostudiesourthoughts,feelings,andattitudeswhenwesee,hear,orreadsomethingbeautiful.Somethingbeautifulmaybeaworkofart,suchasapainti
