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1、1.1.History1.1.1.UNIXInordertounderstandthepopularityofLinux,weneedtotravelbackintime,about30yearsago...Imaginecomputersasbigashouses,evenstadiums.Whilethesizesofthosecomputersposedsubstantialproblems,therewasonethingthatmadethisevenworse:everycomputerhadadifferentop
2、eratingsystem.Softwarewasalwayscustomizedtoserveaspecificpurpose,andsoftwareforonegivensystemdidn'trunonanothersystem.Beingabletoworkwithonesystemdidn'tautomaticallymeanthatyoucouldworkwithanother.Itwasdifficult,bothfortheusersandthesystemadministrators.Computerswere
3、extremelyexpensivethen,andsacrificeshadtobemadeevenaftertheoriginalpurchasejusttogettheuserstounderstandhowtheyworked.ThetotalcostofITwasenormous.Technologicallytheworldwasnotquitethatadvanced,sotheyhadtolivewiththesizeforanotherdecade.In1969,ateamofdevelopersintheBe
4、llLabslaboratoriesstartedworkingonasolutionforthesoftwareproblem,toaddressthesecompatibilityissues.Theydevelopedanewoperatingsystem,whichwassimpleandelegantwrittenintheCprogramminglanguageinsteadofinassemblycodeabletorecyclecode.TheBellLabsdevelopersnamedtheirproject
5、"UNIX."Thecoderecyclingfeatureswereveryimportant.Untilthen,allcommerciallyavailablecomputersystemswerewritteninacodespecificallydevelopedforonesystem.UNIXontheotherhandneededonlyasmallpieceofthatspecialcode,whichisnowcommonlynamedthekernel.Thiskernelistheonlypieceofc
6、odethatneedstobeadaptedforeveryspecificsystemandformsthebaseoftheUNIXsystem.Theoperatingsystemandallotherfunctionswerebuiltaroundthiskernelandwritteninahigherprogramminglanguage,C.ThislanguagewasespeciallydevelopedforcreatingtheUNIXsystem.Usingthisnewtechnique,itwasm
7、ucheasiertodevelopanoperatingsystemthatcouldrunonmanydifferenttypesofhardware.Thesoftwarevendorswerequicktoadapt,sincetheycouldselltentimesmoresoftwarealmosteffortlessly.Weirdnewsituationscameinexistence:imagineforinstancecomputersfromdifferentvendorscommunicatingint
8、hesamenetwork,orusersworkingondifferentsystemswithouttheneedforextraeducationtouseanothercomputer.UNIXdidagreatdealtohelpusersbecom
