euclid's window： the story of geometry from parallel lines to hyperspace

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1、~'lIl"'"e-_._"'"t"'_'LEONARDMI.ODINOWELJCLID'SWINDOWTheSTORYofCEOMETRYfromPARALLELLIJ:J,t::S..JJ.l.HYPER"'SPACfpTHEFREEPRESSADivisionofSimon&Schuster,Inc.]230AvenueoftheAmericasNewYork,NY10020Copyright©200IbyLeonardMlodinowAllrightsreserved,includingtheri

2、ghtofreproductioninwholeorinpartinanyfonn.THEFREEPRESSandcolophonaretrademarksofSimon&Schuster,Inc.DesignedbyJeanetteOlenderIllustrationsbySteveArcellaManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica13579to8642LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataMlodinow,

3、LeonardEuclid'swindow:thestoryofgeometryfromparallellinetohyperspaceILeonardMlodinow.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.1.Geometry-History.I.Title.QA443.5.M562001516'.009---4c2100-54351ISBN0-684-86523-8ToAlexeiandNicolai,SimonandIreneCONTENTSI

4、ntroductionIXITHESTORYOFEUCLIDI.TheFirstRevolution32.TheGeometryofTaxation43.AmongtheSevenSagesII4.TheSecretSociety175.Euclid'sManifesto296.ABeautifulWoman,aLibrary,andtheEndofCivilization39IITHESTORYOFDESCARTES7.TheRevolutioninPlace538.TheOriginofLatitud

5、eandLongitude559.TheLegacyoftheRottenRomans6010.TheDiscreetChannoftheGraph70II.ASoldier'sStory7912.IcedbytheSnowQueen90IIITHESTORYOFGAUSS13.TheCurvedSpaceRevolution9514.TheTroublewithPtolemy9815.ANapoleonicHero10716.TheFalloftheFifthPostulate11517.LostinH

6、yperbolicSpace12118.SomeInsectsCalledtheHumanRace12719.ATaleofTwoAliens13620.After2,000Years,aFace-lift143IVTHESTORYOFEINSTEIN21.RevolutionattheSpeedofLight15322.Relativity'sOtherAlbert15723.TheStuffofSpace16324.ProbationaryTechnicalExpert,ThirdClass17625

7、.ARelativelyEuclideanApproach18226.Einstein'sApple19327.FromInspirationtoPerspiration20528.BlueHairTriumphs210VTHESTORYOFWITTEN29.TheWeirdRevolution21730.TenThingsIHateAboutYourTheory21931.TheNecessaryUncertaintyofBeing22332.ClashoftheTitans22833.AMessage

8、inaKaluza-KleinBottle23134.TheBirthofStrings23535.Particles,Schmarticles!23936.TheTroublewithStrings24937.TheTheoryFormerlyKnownAsStrings255Epilogue263Notes267Acknowledgments293Index295INTRODUCTIONTwenty-fourcenturi