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1、EducationalResearchforPolicyandPractice(2004)3:95–107©Springer2005DOI10.1007/s10671-004-5557-6TheRoleofParentsandCommunityintheEducationoftheJapaneseChildHeidiKnipprathDepartmentofMethodologySchoolofBusiness,PublicAdministrationandTechnologyUniversityofTwenteP
2、.O.Box2177500AEEnschede,TheNetherlandsPhone:+31534893256/3270Fax:+31534894734E-mail:h.m.e.knipprath@utwente.nlAbstractInJapan,therehasbeenanincreasedconcernaboutfamilyandcommunityparticipationinthechild’seducation.Traditionally,theroleofparentsandcommunityinJa
3、panhasbeenoneofsupportandlessoneofactiveinvolvementinschoollearning.Sincethegovernmentcommencededucationreformsinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury,amoreactiveroleforparentsandthecommunityineducationhasbeenencouraged.Thesereformshavebeeninspiredbytheneedtotackleva
4、riousproblemsthathadarisen,suchastheperceivedharmfulelementsofsociety’spreoccupationwithacademicachievementandtheproblematicbehaviorofyoungpeople.Inthispaper,thefollowingissuesareexamined:(1)educationpolicyandreformmeasureswithregardtoparentandcommunityinvolve
5、mentinthechild’seducation;(2)thestateofparentandcommunityinvolvementattheeveofthe20thcentury.KeyWords:activeinvolvement,community,educationreform,Japan,parents,partnership,schooling,supportIntroduction:TheDiscourseontheAchievementGapWhenwesternobserversaretemp
6、tedtoexplainwhyJapanesestudentsattainhighachievementscoresininternationalcomparativeassessmentstudies,theyarelikelytoaddresstheroleofparentsandinparticularofthemotherintheeducationofthechild.EducationmomisaphraseoftenbroughtforthinthediscourseonJapaneseeducati
7、ontodepicttheJapanesemotherasbeingapushy,anddemandinghome-boundtutor,intenselyinvolvedinthechild’seducationduetosevereacademiccompetition.AlthoughthisimageoftheJapanesemotherisastereotypespreadbythepopularmassmediainJapanandabroad,andtheextentbywhichJapanesemo
8、thersareabsorbedintheirchildrenisexaggerated(Benjamin,1997,p.16;Cummings,1989,p.297;Stevenson&Stigler,1992,p.82),StevensonandStigler(1992)arguethatJapaneseparentsdoplayanindispensa
