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1、THEAPPLICATIONOFCOMPUTERASSISTEDLANGUAGELEARNINGINVOCATIONALSCHOOLChapter1:TheDevelopmentofComputerAssistedLanguageLearning1.1ADefinitionOfComputerAssistedLanguageLearningComputerassistedlanguagelearning(CALL)isalsoknownascomputerassistedlanguageinstruction(CALI),computerassist
2、edinstruction(CAI),computer–aidedlanguagelearning(CALL).ComputerAssistedLanguageLearningisoftenperceived,somewhatnarrowly,asanapproachtolanguageteachingandlearninginwhichthecomputerisusedasanaidtothepresentation,reinforcementandassessmentofmaterialtobelearned,usuallyincludingas
3、ubstantialinteractiveelement.LevyprovidesthefollowingsuccinctandbroaddefinitionofCALL(MichaelLevy,1997,Computer-AssistedLanguageLearning-ContextandConceptualization):“ComputerAssistedLanguagelearning(CALL)maybedefinedasthesearchforandstudyofapplicationofthecomputerinlanguagetea
4、chingandlearning.”Thisisacatchalldefinition,whichisalsoapprovedbytheleadinginternationalprofessionalassociation,e.g.EUCALL,CALICOandIALLT.IntheJointPolicyStatementsofEUROCALL,CALICOandIALLT(1999),CALLisdefinedas“arelativelynewandrapidlyevolvingacademicfieldthatexplorestheroleof
5、informationandcommunicationtechnologiesinlanguagelearningandteaching.”ThesedefinitionsareusefultobreakdownCALLintovarioussubdivisions.1.2Three-phase-developmentofComputerAssistedLanguageLearningCALL’soriginscanbetracedbacktothe1960s,Warschauer&Healey(Warschauer,M.&Healey,D.1998
6、,ComputersandLanguageLearning:Anoverview)pointedoutthatthis40-year-periodcanbedividedintothreemainstages:behavioristCALL,communicativeCALL,andintegrativeCALL.Eachstagecorrespondstoacertainleveloftechnologyandpedagogicaltheories.BehavioristCALLInthe1960sand1970s,thefirstformofCo
7、mputerAssistedLanguageLearningfeaturedrepetitivelanguagedrillsistheso-calleddrill-and-practicemethod.Itwasbasedonthebehaviorist-learningmodelandcomputerwasviewedaslittlemorethanamechanicaltutorthatnevergrewtired.BehavioristCALLwasfirstdesignedandimplementedintheeraofthemainfram
8、eandthebest-knowntutorialsystemPLATO,whichranonitsowns
