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1、Hemingway'sTheOldManandtheSeaandtheMaleReaderCharlesK.HoflingInpsychoanalytically-orientedliterarycriticismtherearethreeprincipalwaysinwhichacompositionmaybeapproached.Thecriticmaystudytheprotagonistfromaclinical,adynamic,and,occasionally,ageneticpointofview,asifhewerearealperson,e
2、ndeavoringtoenrichone'sunderstandingofthecharacterandthusofhumannatureinmuchthesamewayasinacasepresentation.Thecriticmaystudythecompositionasapsychicproductionofitsauthor,endeavoringtoshedlightonthepersonalityofthelatter.Finallythecriticmayendeavortostudytheimpactofthecompositionon
3、himselfand/oruponreadersingeneral.Ofthethreeapproaches,thelastistheleastoftenused.Itisprobablythemostopentoadversecriticism,sinceanotherreadermayalwayssaywithcompletehonestythatheisnotaffectedinthewaydescribed.Ontheotherhand,itcanbeofparticularvalueinthestudyoftheauthorasauthor,i.e
4、.,asonewithadegreeofmastryoftechniquesofarousingcertainresponsesinhisreaders.Itisthisthirdapproachwhichisutilizedinthepresentpaper,aneffortwhichisthusinnosenseabalancedcriticismofthemaster-workuponwhichitisbased.Inanattempttoapplytheinsightsofpsychoanalysistowardgainingafullerunder
5、standingoftheemotionalimpactofTheOldManandtheSeauponthereader,anappraisaloftheprotagonistbecomesalogicalstartingpoint.Indeed,ifoneisreadingpurelyforpleasure,thisiswhatonetendsnaturallytodo.Despitethecloseinterrelationshipofplotandcharacteranddespitethehighdegreeofartisticunitywhich
6、marksthetale,asufficientlyleisurelypaceispreservedbeforethegreatcrisisforonetoformdeepimpressionsoftheOldMan'spersonalitywhilenotyetfullyabsorbedinthenarrative.ThephysicalcharacteristicsofSantiago,thefisherman,aresimplyandvividlyportrayed,andtheyareinharmonywithotheraspectsofhisper
7、sonalityasthesearegraduallyrevealed.Wellpasthisphysicalprime,theOldManisbynomeansenfeebled.Gauntandweatherbeatenandoldheisandwithnoneofthesurplusvitalitywhich,presumably,hewouldoncehaverevealedeveninrepose.Yethisshouldersandneckarepowerfulinaction,andhiseyesare"cheerfulandundefeate
8、d."Hintsofweaknessaregiven
