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1、SomeThoughtsonLearningAdvancedEnglish----withSpecialReferencetoMetaphorandMetonymyABriefDiscussiononMetaphorandMetonymyⅠ、Preface.MetaphorandMetonymy,asrhetoricaldevices,findbroadapplicationinEnglish.Linguistshavedoneagreatdealofresearchontheirnature,similaritiesanddiff
2、erences.AristotleclassifiedmetonymyasaspecificformofmetaphorinhisPoetics(诗学).[1]Inmodernlinguistics,however,metonymyisseparatedfrommetaphorasanindependentrhetoricalphenomenon.AdvancedEnglishisrichofexamplesofbothofthem.Thispaperfocusesonthecomparisonofthemintermsofthei
3、rnature,typesandusages,especiallywithexamplesinAdvancedEnglish.Ⅱ、Thenatureandformationofmetaphorandmetonymyincognitivelinguistics.In“ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms”,metaphorisdefinedas“afigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother”.Metonymyisdefinedas“thesubsti
4、tutionofawordreferringtoanattributeforthethingthatismeant,e.g.thecrown,usedtorefertoamonarch”.Fromthesedefinitions,wecantellthatthewordsorimagesusedinmetonymybelongtooneconceptoronecognitivedomain.Incognitivelinguistics,metaphorandmetonymybothembodythewaysinwhichpeople
5、seetheworld.Basically,metaphorandmetonymyareconsideredas“themappingorprojectionoftargetdomainbysourcedomain”.Someotherlinguistsassertthatbothofthemare“theactivationoftargetdomainbysourcedomain.”[2]Inotherwords,thesetworhetoricaldevicesreflecttheassociationoftwothingsin
6、people’sminds.Forexample,inthetitleMarkTwain—MirrorofAmerica,MarkTwainiscomparedtoamirror.ThecommonknowledgethatamirrorcanreflectthingsmakesusknowthathisbooksfaithfullyreflectAmericansociety.4Inspiteoftheirsimilarity,metaphorandmetonymyholdapparentdifferencesinnature，w
7、iththeformerbasedon“similarity”,whereasthelateron“contiguity”.[3](Jacobson)Speakingofmetaphor,commonfeaturesbetweentenorsandvehiclesarecrucial.Differently,intheformationofmetonymy,peopletendtorememberthemostobvious,impressiveattributeofathing,personorconceptwhichlingui
8、stscallthe“salience”.Then,peopleusethat“salience”torefertotheoriginalthingnaturally.Toillustrate,“WhiteHouse”isthepla
