英语专八语言学笔记

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1、英语语言学笔记1LinguisticsChapter1Introduction:LanguageandLinguisticslWhatislanguage?nDifferentdefinitionsoflanguageuLanguageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity.(deSaussure,1916)u[Languageis]aset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofa

2、finitesetofelements.(Chomsky,1957)uLanguageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.nEachofthedefinitionsabovehaspointedoutsomeaspectsoftheessenceoflanguage,butallofthemhaveleftoutsomething.Wemustseethemulti-facetedna

3、tureoflanguage.nAsisagreedbylinguistsinbroadterms,languagecanbedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.lFeaturesofhumanlanguagenCreativityuLanguageprovidesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingbrandnewmessages.uThegrammarrule

4、sandthewordsarefinite,butthesentencesareinfinite.Everyspeakeruseslanguagecreatively.nDualityuLanguagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.uCertainsoundsorsequencesofsoundsstandforcertainmeanings.uCertainmeaningsareconveyedbycertainspeechsoundsorsequencesofspeechsounds.nA

5、rbitrarinessuTherelationshipbetweenthetwosubsystemsoflanguageisarbitrary.uThereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.nDisplacementuThereisnolimitintimeorspaceforlanguage.uLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.nCulturaltransmissionuCulturecannotbegenetic

6、allytransmitted.Instead,itmustbelearned.uLanguageisawayoftransmittingculture.nInterchangeabilityuAllmembersofaspeechcommunitycansendandreceivemessages.nReflexivityuHumanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.uThelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language.lFunctionsoflanguage–thr

7、eemeta-functionsnTheideationalfunctionuToidentifythings,tothink,ortorecordinformation.nTheinterpersonalfunction37uTogetalonginacommunity.nThetextualfunctionuToformatext.lTypesoflanguagenGeneticclassificationnTypologicalclassificationuAnalyticlanguage–noinflectionsor