英语语言学笔记英语专八考试必备.doc

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1、英语语言学笔记一、绪论　　语言学的定义　　语言学的研究范畴　　几对基本概念　　语言的定义　　语言的甄别特征　　Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。　　Thescopeoflinguistics×9语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学Pho

2、nology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Appliedlinguistics应用语言学　　Prescriptivevs.descriptive规定性与描述性Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.　　Moder

3、nlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigations研究arebasedonauthentic可信,andmainlyspokendata数据.　　Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"writtenlanguage　　Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性　　Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy　　Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthrou

4、ghtimeisadiachronicstudy　　Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriority优先overdiachronicstudy.　　Speechandwriting口头语与书面语　　Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:　　（1）speechprecedes优先与writingintermsofevolution发展，演变　　（2）alargeamountofcommunicationi

5、scarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting　　（3）speechistheforminwhichinfants婴儿acquiretheirnativelanguage　　Languageandparole语言与言语　　Languagereferstotheabstract概要linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity　　Parolereferstotherealization实现oflanguageinactualuse　　Competenceandperformance能力与运用　　Cho

6、mskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers'knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage　　Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication　　★Whatislanguage?什么是语言？　　Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication　　Characteristicsoflanguage:语言的特性×4　　1.Languageisarule-gove

7、rnedsystem　　2.Languageisbasicallyvocal　　3.Languageisarbitrary（thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustration例证ofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfr