植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture 26

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1、ClassificationEssentialQuestionWhyisitimportanttoplacelivingthingsintocategories?18.1HistoryofTaxonomyObjectivesDescribeAristotle’sclassificationsystem,andexplainwhyitwasreplaced.ExplainLinnaeus’ssystemofclassification,andidentifythemaincriterionheusedtoclassifyorganisms.Whatarethesevenlev

2、elsoforganizationthatLinnaeususedtocategorizeorganisms?Whatcriteriondomoderntaxonomistsusetoclassifyanorganism?Whataretworeasonsthatspeciesnamesaremoreprecisethancommonnames?EarlySystemofClassificationTaxonomyisthebranchofbiologythatnamesandgroupsorganismsaccordingtotheircharacteristicsand

3、evolutionaryhistory.Organismswerefirstclassifiedmorethan2,000yearsagobytheGreekphilosopherAristotle.EarlySystemofClassificationOrganism’sweregroupedintolanddwellers,waterdwellers,andairdwellers.Plantswereplacedintothreecategoriesbasedonthedifferencesintheirstems.Asneworganism’swerediscover

4、ed,hissystembecameinadequate.Categorieswerenotspecificenough.Commonnamesdidnotdescribeaspeciesaccurately.Nameswerelongandhardtoremember.ModernSystem:HierarchySevenLevelsofOrganizationCarolusLinnaeus(mid-1700’)swasaSwedishbiologistwhoestablishedasimplesystemforclassifyingandnamingorganisms

5、.HedevelopedaHierarchy(arankingsystem)forclassifyingorganismsthatistheBasisforModernTaxonomy.Forthisreason,heisconsideredtobe“father”ofmoderntaxonomy.ModernSystemaNestedHierarchy-SevenLevelsofOrganizationLinnaeususedanorganismsmorphology(formandstructure),tocategorizeit.Hissystemisstillbei

6、ngusedtoday.Hissystemallowedorganismstobegroupedwithsimilarorganisms.HefirstdividedallorganismsintotwoKingdoms,Plantae(Plants)ANDAnimalia(animals).ThiswasthesameasAristotle’smaincategories.ModernSystemaNestedHierarchy-SevenLevelsofOrganizationModernSystem:Eachkingdom(plantandanimal)wasdivi

7、dedintoaphylum*(divisionforplants)Eachphylumintoasmallergroupscalledclass.Eachclasswasdividedintoanorder.Eachorderwasdividedintofamily(families).Eachfamilywasdividedintoagenus(plural-genera)Eachgenuswasdividedintoaspecies.(scientificname)*Note:Phylaandfamilywe