克拉申二语习得五假说

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1、Krashen'sfivehypothesis——Krashen'sMonitorTheoryFivebasichypotheses:1)TheAcquisition-LearningHypothesisAcquisition:naturally,subconscious,informal,Learning:consciously,formal,'knowaboutthesecondlanguage,analysisandcorrectionoferrorsformallyandexplicitlyaddressed.Krashensupportsthisclaimasfollo

2、ws:(i)therecanbeacquisitionwithoutlearning.Competentlanguagelearnersmayspeakthelanguagewithoutconsciouslyknowingtherules.(ii)therearecaseswherepeoplecan'know'arulebutdonotuseitinnormalinteraction.(iii)inanycase,nobodyknowsalltherulesofalanguage.Grammaticalexplanationseveninlanguagesaswidelyst

3、udiedasEnglishdonotcoverthelargelyunconsciouslyknowledgeofanative-speaker.Itoftentakeslinguistsyearstodescriberuleswhicharerelativelyeasilyacquired(Ellis1985).AcquisitionandLearningarenotdefinedby'where'asecondlanguageoccurs.Formallearninginthestreet.Thedistinctionisacentralideaineducationthe

4、ory:betweendeductive(推理:fromgeneraltoparticular)andinductive(归纳)approaches;classroomandnaturalisticlearning;formalandinformallanguagelearning.2)TheNaturalOrderHypothesisGrammaticalstructuresareacquiredinapredictableorderforbothchildrenandadults,irrespectiveofthelanguagebeinglearnt.Someruleste

5、ndtocomeearlyandotherslate.Theorderdoesnotappeartobedeterminedsolelybyformalsimplicityandthereisevidencethatitisindependentoftheorderinwhichrulesaretaughtinlanguageclasses.Whenalearnerengagesinnaturalcommunication,thenthestandardorderwilloccur.3)TheMonitorHypothesisTheMonitorisaneditingdevice

6、thatmayoperatebeforelanguageperformance.UtterancesmaybemodifiedbybeingacteduponbytheMonitoroflearntknowledge.Sucheditingmayoccurbeforethenaturaloutputofspeech;itmayoccuraftertheoutputviaacorrectingdevice.Krashensuggeststhatmonitoringoccurswhenthereissufficienttime,whenthereispressuretocommuni

7、catecorrectlyandnotjustconveymeaning,andwhentheappropriaterulesofspeechareknown.Putittheotherway:1)theremustbetimeforaspeakertouseconsciousruleseffectively.Normalconversationdoesnotallowforthismonitoring.2)timealoneisnotenough.Thespeaker'satt