有机物命名与聚合物命名

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1、SpecialEnglishforpolymerscienceZengxiaoping1.1SaturatedCnH2n+2(alkanes))UnbranchedThefirstfourmembershavesemi-trivialnames(俗名),Followingthemembersoftheseriesaregivensystematicnames.Inthesenames,theending“–ane”iscombinedwiththeGreek(Latin)numericaltermforthenumberofC-atoms,inthechai

2、n.MethaneCH4EthaneC2H6PropaneC3H8ButaneC4H101Methane13Tridecane25Pentacosane2Ethane14Tetradecane26Hexacosane3Propane15Pentadecane27Heptacosane4Butane16Hexadane28Octacosane5Pentane17Heptadecane29Nonacosane6Hexane18Octadecane30Triacontane7Heptane19Nonadecane40Tetracontane8Octane20ico

3、sane50Pentacontane9Nonane21Heni’cosane60Hexacontane10Decane22Docosane70Heptacontane11Un’decane23Tricosane80Octacontane12‘Dodecane24Tetracosane90NonacontaneCnH2n+1radicals(alkyls)CH4methane;CH3—methyl“ane”→“yl”Butane→butyl;propane→propylPentane→pentyl;hexane→hexylHeptane→heptyl;octa

4、ne→octylNonane→nonyl;decane→decylCnH2nradicals(1)“ane”→“ylidene”(叉，亚基)H3C-CH=Ethylidene(乙叉，亚乙基)H3C-CH2-CH=Propylidene(亚丙基)(2)Adivalentradicalwithtwoterminal‘yl’(撑):“ane”→“ylene”-CH2-:methylene;-CH2-CH2-:Ethylene（乙撑）(3)CnH2n-1radicalsCH≡（ylidyne，次基，“川”）methylidyneCH3C≡ethylidyne（次乙基

5、，乙川）b)BranchedSaturatedbranchedacyclichydrocarbonisnamedby(1)choosingthelongestmainchain;and(2)prefixingthedesignationsofthesidechainstothenameofthemainchain(inalphabeticalorder)取代基次序IUPAC规定依英文名第一字母次序排列。我国规定采用立体化学中“次序规则”：优先基团放在后面，如第一原子相同则比较下一原子。Dimethylpentyl

6、hyl-4-propyloctane2,3,5-trimethylhexane如何命名？？？？2-methyl-3-ethyl-5-butyloctane3-ethyl-2-methyl-5-butyloctane3-ethyl-2-methyl-5-propylnonane2-methyl-3-ethyl-5-propylnonane1.2Unsaturated1.2.1CnH2nAlkenesCnH2n-2AlkynesAlkane→alkene(alkadiene):“ane”→“ene”(adiene)Alkane→alkyne(alkadiyne)

7、:“ane”→“yne”(adiyne)2-pentene1,3-pentadiene2-hexyneRetainedtrivialnamesH2C=CH2Ethylene(ethene)HC≡CHAcetylene(ethyne)Isoprene(2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene)2-Butenyl2-ButynylH2C=CH-Vinyl(Ethenyl)H2C=CH-CH2-Allyl(2-Propenyl)Cyclichydrocarbons在相同碳原子数的烷烃名称前面加“cyclo”(饱和单环化合物)Aromaticgroupo-ort

8、ho,邻位m-meta,间位p-para，对位Phe