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1、第五单元非限定动词(Non-finiteVerbs)一.不定式(infinitive)(一)不定式的形式不定式有两种形式:一是带to的不定式(to-infinitive),一是不带to的不定式(bareinfinitive)。后者即通常所谓的动词原形。不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号前加not,never等否定词。不定式结构之前还可带有疑问词who,what,which,when,where,how等(二)不定式结构的句法功能不定式在句中不能单独用作谓语,但可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足
2、语等成分。1.用作主语(1)Toseeistobelieve.(2)Forhimtoadmithismistakesisnoteasy.(3)Nevertohavemadeanymistakeisimpossible.(4)Howtomakeourlifelongerisabigproblem.Itishardtorestoreabrokenmirror.(it作形式主语)Ittookmetwohourstofinishthework.(it作形式主语)2.用作表语或主语补语Toliveistodosomethin
3、gworthwhile.TheonlythingIcandonowistoleave.Thequestioniswheretogo.Hewasnotallowedtodoit.(主语补语)Theroomwasfoundtobeempty.(主语补语)3.用作宾语Ihaveforgottentobringmyumbrella.Iwonderwhethertoinvitehimornot.Hedidn'ttellmeclearlywhattodonext.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpothers.(it
4、作形式宾语)Ithinkitimpossibleforhimtocompletehisstudiesintwoyears’time.(it作形式宾语)4.用作宾语补足语(它与宾语有主谓关系)Iwantyoutobehappy.Whatcausedhertogiveupherstudies?Sheaskedmetoanswerthephoneinherabsence.有一些动词后作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to。这种动词一类是感觉动词,如feel,see,hear,watch,notice等。另一类是某些使役动词,如
5、make,let,have等。例如:Isawhimcome.Theymadetheirchildrengotobedearly.但若这些动词用于被动结构,其后的不定式一般需加to。如:Hewasseentocome.Thechildrenweremadetogotobedearly.5.用作定语(放在所修饰的名词或代词之后)ThenexttraintoarriveisfromNewYork.Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleavetheclassroom.Hehastoom
6、anythingstodo.Ihavenothingtosayonthisquestion.Hehasaroomtolivein.(in不能省)Ihavealotofworkforhertodothismorning.Note:有些动词和形容词后常跟不定式,这些词派生出来的名词后也可用不定式作定语(ability,attempt,promise,wish,eagerness等)如:Yourabilitytoanalyzetheproblemreallysurprisesus.Hisfailuretopassthee
7、xamsurprisedus.HiswishtovisitChinaisquiteunderstandable.6.用作状语a)表目的Hewenthometoseehismother.I’llstayheretoseewhatwillhappen.不定式前可加inorder或soas表示强调,但soas不能位于句首。作目的状语时其否定形式必须用inordernot+不定式或soasnot+不定式。例如(Inorder)Tosavethechild,helaiddownhislife.I’llwritedownhis
8、telephonenumbersoasnottoforgetit.b)表结果Shegrewuptobeascientist.In1935helefthomenevertoreturn.**句尾用(only)to…表示一种出乎意料的(通常是不愉快的)结果.Ihurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed.Ihurried