[上册]unit three

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1、《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)中国人民大学出版社UnitThreeRatsandMen"Insoluble"Problems1.Text2.Exercises3.SupplementaryReadingRatsandMen"Insoluble"ProblemsS.I.Hayakawa①MenuTranslationneurosisn.functionalderangementcausedbydisorderofthenervoussystemorbysomethinginthesubconsciousmind神经官能病i

2、nduce※v.persuadeorinfluence;leadorcause劝诱；促使Menu[1]ProfessorN.R.F.MaieroftheUniversityofMichiganperformedaseriesofexperimentsseveralyearsagoinwhich"neurosis*"isinduced*inrats.Theratsarefirsttrainedtojumpofftheedgeofaplatformatoneoftwodoors.Iftheratjumpstotheright,th

3、edoorholdsfast,anditbumpsitsnoseandfallsintoanet;ifitjumpstotheleft,thedooropens,andtheratfindsadishoffood.Whentheratsarewelltrainedtothisreaction,thesituationischanged.Thefoodisputbehindtheotherdoor,sothatinordertogettheirrewardtheynowhavetojumptotherightinsteadoft

4、otheleft.(Otherchanges,suchasmarkingthetwodoorsindifferentways,mayalsobeintroducedbytheexperimenter.)MenuIftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,sothateachtimeitjumpsitneverknowswhetheritisgoingtogetfoodorbumpitsnose,itfinallygivesupandrefusestojumpatall.Atthisstage,Dr

5、.Maiersays,"Manyratsprefertostarveratherthanmakeachoice."MenuTranslation[2]Next,theratsareforcedtomakeachoice,beingdriventoitbyblasts*ofairoranelectricshock."Animalswhichareinducedtorespondintheinsoluble*problemsituation,"saysDr.Maier,"settledowntoaspecificreaction(

6、suchasjumpingsolelyatthelefthanddoor)whichtheycontinuetoexecute*regardlessofconsequences....blastn.strong,suddenrushofwind一阵突然的劲风insolubleadj.thatcannotbesolvedorexplained不能解决executev.carryout执行MenuTheresponsechosenundertheseconditionsbecomesfixated....Oncethefixati

7、on*appears,theanimalisincapableoflearninganadaptiveresponseinthissituation."Whenareactiontotheleft-handdooristhusfixated,theright-handdoormaybeleftopensothatthefoodisplainlyvisible.Yettherat,whenpushed,continuestojumptotheleft,becomingmorepanicky*eachtime.fixationn.

8、fixing固定，执着panicky※adj.inastateofunreasoning,uncontrolledfear惊慌的MenuWhentheexperimenterpersistsinforcingtherattomakechoices,itmaygointocon