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1、GramnegativerodsandcocciEndotoxin:LipidA,thesuperantigenPartofLPSoftheGramnegativeoutermembraneCausesanover-stimulationofmacrophageswithproductionofvariouscytokinesFever,vasodilation,inflammation,shock,anddisseminatedintravascularcoagulationWhileGramnegativepathoge
2、nscanhaveothervirulencefactors(capsules,fimbriae,exotoxins),allhaveendotoxinandarethusdangerous.1Neisseria:GramnegativecocciVeryfewG-cocci;thesearepathogeniconesN.meningitidisandN.gonorrhoeae.Delicateandfastidious;oxidase+,coffeebeanshapedinpairsN.gonorrhoeae:cause
3、ofgonorrhea,STDVirulencefactors:capsule,fimbriae,survivalinneutrophilsMales:painfulpurulentdischargefromurethraFemales:oftenasymptomatic;otherwise,urethritis,PID,infectionsanywheresexualcontactoccurs,arthritis.Eyeinfectionofnewborns,routineantibiotictreatmentNolong
4、termimmunity!www.cat.cc.md.us/.../unit1/shape/dkngon.html2Neisseria-2N.meningitidis:1causeofbacterialmeningitisCapsuleprotectscellsduringphagocytosisPresentasnormalmicrobiotain40%ofpopulationTransmittedbydroplets,closecontactInfectionofmeninges,sorethroat,highfever
5、,headache,stiffneck,vomiting,convulsions,petechiae;rapid.Epidemiology:peoplelivinginclosecontact;militaryrecruitscurrentlyvaccinated;becauseofoutbreaks,pushtovaccinatecollegestudents.3Enterobacteriaceae:GramnegativerodsGramnegative,smallrods,facultativelyanaerobic,
6、oxidasenegative;foundinsoil,water,andGItractssomestrictlypathogens,othersopportunistsColiforms(fermentlactose)andnon-coliformsVirulencefactorsEndotoxin,capsules,fimbriae,exotoxins,others.EntericbacteriaidentifiedbybiochemicaltestsSelective/differentialmedia,IMViCte
7、sts,etc.Strainsidentifiedbyserologicaltechniques4SerologyandentericbacteriaBecauseentericbacteriaareverycloselyrelatedtoeachother,differentiationrequiresserologyUseofantibodiestoidentifyparticularantigenicmoleculesoncellsurfacesOantigen:repeatingsugargrouponLPSHant
8、igen:flagellarproteinKantigen:capsuleantigenaroundcell.Example:E.coliO157:H7describesparticularserotypewhichhappenstoalsoproduceadangerousexotoxi
