无菌术课件_2

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1、无菌术IntroductionEarlycivilizationspracticedsalting,smoking,pickling,drying,andexposureoffoodandclothingtosunlighttocontrolmicrobialgrowth.Useofspicesincookingwastomasktasteofspoiledfood.Somespicespreventedspoilage.Inmid1800sSemmelweissandListerhelpeddevelopedaseptict

2、echniquestopreventcontaminationofsurgicalwounds.1867年Lister石炭酸溶液预防伤口感染无菌术的范畴灭菌Sterilization:Killingorremovingallformsofmicrobiallife(includingendospores)inamaterialoranobject.CommercialSterilization:HeattreatmentthatkillsendosporesofClostridiumbotulinumthecausativea

3、gentofbotulism,incannedfood.、无菌术的范畴抗菌Disinfection:Reducingthenumberofpathogenicmicroorganismstothepointwheretheynolongercausediseases.Usuallyinvolvestheremovalofvegetativeornon-endosporeformingpathogens.Disinfectant:AppliedtoinanimateobjectsAntiseptic:Appliedtolivin

4、gtissue(antisepsis).Degerming:Mechanicalremovalofmostmicrobesinalimitedarea.Example:Alcoholswabonskin.Sanitization:Useofchemicalagentonfood-handlingequipmenttomeetpublichealthstandardsandminimizechancesofdiseasetransmission.E.g:Hotsoap&water.无菌术的范畴预防院内感染Nosocomialin

5、fectionsSepsis:ComesfromGreekfordecayorputrid.Indicatesbacterialcontamination.Asepsis:Absenceofsignificantcontamination.Aseptictechniquesareusedtopreventcontaminationofsurgicalinstruments,medicalpersonnel,andthepatientduringsurgery.Aseptictechniquesarealsousedtoprev

6、entbacterialcontaminationinfoodindustry.外科无菌术是针对感染来源所采取的预防措施,由机械性除菌法、灭菌法、抗菌法和一定的操作规则及管理制度组成。是以预防手术伤口感染为主,是各种手术、穿刺、注射、插管、换药等过程中必须遵守的原则和应用方法。外源性沾染直接接触空气飞沫内源性沾染肠道1.NumberofMicrobes:Themoremicrobespresent,themoretimeittakestoeliminatepopulation.2.TypeofMicrobes:Endospor

7、esareverydifficulttodestroy.Vegetativepathogensvarywidelyinsusceptibilitytodifferentmethodsofmicrobialcontrol.3.Environmentalinfluences:Presenceoforganicmaterial(blood,feces,saliva)tendstoinhibitantimicrobials,pHetc.4.TimeofExposure:Chemicalantimicrobialsandradiatio

8、ntreatmentsaremoreeffectiveatlongertimes.Inheattreatments,longerexposurecompensatesforlowertemperatures.沾染→感染细菌的数量和毒力机体的抗感染能力灭菌法Sterilizat