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1、DefinitionAliteraturereview（文献综述）isbothasummaryandexplanationofthecompleteandcurrentstateofknowledgeonalimitedtopicasfoundinacademicbooks（学术著作）andjournalarticles（期刊论文）.Therearetwokindsofliteraturereviewsyoumightwriteatuniversity:onethatstudentsareaskedtowriteasastand-alone
2、assignmentinacourse,oftenaspartoftheirtrainingintheresearchprocessesintheirfield,andtheotherthatiswrittenaspartofanintroductionto,orpreparationfor,alongerwork,usuallyathesisorresearchreport.Thefocusandperspectiveofyourreviewandthekindofhypothesis（假设）orthesisargumentyoumake
3、willbedeterminedbywhatkindofreviewyouarewriting.Onewaytounderstandthedifferencesbetweenthesetwotypesistoreadpublishedliteraturereviewsorthefirstchaptersofthesesanddissertations（学位论文）inyourownsubjectarea.Analyzethestructureoftheirargumentsandnotethewaytheyaddresstheissues.P
4、urposeoftheLiteratureReview·Itgivesreaderseasyaccesstoresearchonaparticulartopicbyselectinghighqualityarticlesorstudiesthatarerelevant,meaningful,importantandvalid（有效的）andsummarizingthemintoonecompletereport. ·Itprovidesanexcellentstartingpointforresearchersbeginningtodore
5、searchinanewareabyforcingthemtosummarize,evaluate,andcompareoriginalresearchinthatspecificarea. ·Itensuresthatresearchersdonotduplicateworkthathasalreadybeendone. 你所整理的文章中作者主要观察的重点是什么·Itcanprovideclues（线索）astowherefutureresearchisheadingorrecommendareasonwhichtofocus. 现在的研
6、究都到了什么程度·Ithighlightskeyfindings. ·Itidentifiesinconsistencies（矛盾）,gapsandcontradictionsintheliterature. ·Itprovidesaconstructiveanalysisofthemethodologiesandapproachesofotherresearchers. 前面研究者的建设性的方法和途径5.1-9,,services,andmakethecitymoreattractive,strengtheningpublictransp
7、ortinvestment,establishedasthebackboneoftheurbanrailtransitmulti-level,multi-functionalpublictransportsystem,thusprotectingtheregionalpositionandachieveContentoftheReviewIntroductionTheintroductionexplainsthefocusandestablishestheimportanceofthesubject（主题）.Itdiscusseswhatk
8、indofworkhasbeendoneonthetopicandidentifiesanycontroversies（争议）withinthefieldoranyrecentr
