中国考试制度演变

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1、中国考试制度演变　　篇一：中国考试制度　　InChina,systemofcompetitiveexaminationsforrecruitingofficialsthatlinkedstateandsocietyanddominatededucationfromtheSongdynastyonward,thoughitsrootsdatetotheimperialuniversityestablishedintheHandynasty.Candidatesfacedfiercecompetitioninaseriesofex

2、amsdealingprimarilywithConfuciantextsandconductedontheprefectural,provincial,andnationallevels.Despiteapersistenttendencytoemphasizerotelearningoveroriginalthinkingandformoversubstance,theexamsmanagedtoproduceanelitegroundedinacommonbodyofteachingsandtolendcredibili

3、tytoclaimsofmeritocracy.Tooinflexibletobecapableofmodernization,thesystemwasfinallyabolishedin1905.　　Chineseexaminationsystem,civilservicerecruitmentmethodandeducationalsystememployedfromtheHandynastyuntilitwasabolishedbytheCh'ingdowagerempressTz'uHsiin1905underpres

4、surefromleadingChineseintellectuals.Theconceptofastateruledbymenofabilityandvirtuewasan　　outgrowthofConfucianphilosophy.Theexaminationsystemwasanattempttorecruitmenonthebasisofmeritratherthanonthebasisoffamilyorpoliticalconnection.Becausesuccessintheexaminationsyste

5、mwasthebasisofsocialstatusandbecauseeducationwasthekeytosuccessinthesystem,educationwashighlyregardedintraditionalChina.Ifapersonpassedtheprovincialexamination,hisentirefamilywasraisedinstatustothatofscholargentry,therebyreceivingprestigeandprivilege.Thetextsstudied

6、fortheexaminationweretheConfucianclassics.IntheT'angdynastytheexaminationsystemwasreorganizedandmoreefficientlyadministered.Becausesomescholarscriticizedtheemphasisonmemorizationwithoutpracticalapplicationandthenarrowscopeoftheexaminations,thesystemunderwentfurtherc

7、hangeintheSungdynasty.WangAn-shihreformedtheexamination,stressingtheunderstandingofunderlyingideasandtheabilitytoapplyclassicalinsightstocontemporaryproblems.IntheMingdynastythecommentariesoftheSungNeo-ConfucianphilosopherChuHsiwereadoptedastheorthodoxinterpretation

8、of　　theclassics.Althoughonlyasmallpercentageofstudentscouldachieveoffice,studentsspent20to30yearsmemorizingtheorthodoxcommentariesinprepar