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1、PortsandHarboursBureau,MinistryofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourism(MLIT)NationalInstituteforLandandInfrastructureManagement,MLITPortandAirportResearchInstituteTECHNICALSTANDARDSANDCOMMENTARIESFORPORTANDHARBOURFACILITIESINJAPANTHEOVERSEASCOASTALAREADEVELOPMENTINSTITUTEOFJA
2、PAN2009FOREWORDForewordThisbookisatranslationof“theTechnicalStandardsandCommentariesforPortandHarbourFacilitiesinJapan”(hereinaftercalled“theTechnicalStandards”),whichsummarizestheministerialordinanceandpublicnoticearticlesaswellastherelatedcommentariesandtechnicalnotesinconnec
3、tionwiththe“TechnicalStandardsforPortandHarbourFacilities”establishedbyJapan’sMinistryofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourism(MLIT)basedontheprovisionsofthePortandHarbourLaw.ThistranslationhasbeenmadewiththeapprovaloftheauthorsincludingthePortsandHarboursBureauofMLIT,National
4、InstituteforLandandInfrastructureManagement(NILIM;alsoapartofMLIT),andthePortandAirportResearchInstitute(PARI;anIndependentAdministrativeInstitution).Japanisanislandnationwithfewundergroundresources.Thecountrycomprisesapproximately6,800islands,andhasanareaof380,000squarekilomet
5、ersandatotalcoastlineof34,000km.Forthisreason,industry,whichsupportsthenation’seconomy,hasbeenlocatedincoastalareaswithportsandharborsforconvenienceinimportingrawmaterialsandexportingproducts.Giventheseconditions,Japanhasconstructed,improvedandmodernizedapproximately1,100portsa
6、ndharborsaswellasapproximately3,000fishingportsduringthepastoneandahalfcenturies.Because99%oftradenowdependsonportsandharbors,theyplayaparticularlyimportantroleinJapan.Japanwasaclosedcountryforabout220years,fromtheearly17thcenturyuntilthemid-19thcentury.FollowingtheMeijiRestora
7、tionof1868,modernizationprogressedrapidly.Duringthemodernizationperiod,youngJapaneseengineerslearnedfromexperiencedengineersinvitedtoJapanfromabroad,andconstructedmodernportsandharbors,suchasthePortsofYokohamaandKobe.ThefirstJapanesemanualonportandharbortechnologywasreleasedin1
8、943andwassubsequentlyrevisedanumberoftimes.Underthe197
