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1、（Generalconceptofdisease）第二章疾病概论北京大学医学部病理生理教研室 吴立玲医学课件园www.yxkjy.com疾病概论◆健康与疾病的概念◆病因学◆发病学疾病的概念、疾病发生、 发展和转归的普遍规律和机制。医学课件园www.yxkjy.com(Conceptsofhealthanddisease)第一节 健康与疾病的概念Ishealthsimplytheabsenceofdisease?医学课件园www.yxkjy.comTwopeoplebothare40yearsoldwith typicalnine-to-fivejobs.Onesmo
2、kesseveralpacksofcigarettesaday,hasthreeormoredrinksevery evening,isoverweight,andisoftenanxious.Theotherdoesnotsmoke,drinksalcoholrarely,exercisesregularly,andisrelaxedandconfident.Bothpeoplepassalllaboratorytestsandaredeclaredfreeofdisease.CasestudyQuestionAretheyequallyhealthy?医学课件园
3、www.yxkjy.com(Conceptofhealth)健康不仅是没有疾病，而且是一种 身体上、精神上和社会上的完好状态。Healthisastateofcomplete physical,mental,andsocialwell- being,notmerelytheabsenceof diseaseorinfirmity.一、健康的概念医学课件园www.yxkjy.comTomaintainphysicalhealthbyexercisingregularlyavoidingunnecessaryhazards(smoke)eatingawell-balan
4、ceddiet.Physicalhealth医学课件园www.yxkjy.comMentalhealthPeopleingoodmentalhealthareEnergeticConfidentRelaxedabletocopewiththeproblemsandstressesTheyareabletoloveandbelove.Theycanworkwellandplaywell.医学课件园www.yxkjy.comSocialhealthAtonelevel,socialhealthisconcerned withthepeoplewithwhomwecome
5、intocontact(parents,friends,andneighbors).Atahigherlevel,socialhealthis concernedwithourroleswithinsociety asawhole.医学课件园www.yxkjy.com亚健康（Subhealth）无明确的疾病，但呈现出活力降低，适应力减退，处于健康与疾病之间的一种生理功能降低的状态，又称次健康状态或“第三状态”。医学课件园www.yxkjy.com亚健康（Subhealth）主要表现：乏力、疲劳、失眠、消瘦、食欲不振、肌肉劳损、胸闷心慌、易激动、易烦躁、没精神中国70
6、％亚健康人群，其中70％为知识分子英年早逝(知识分子的平均寿命仅为５８岁)医学课件园www.yxkjy.comHomeostasisHomeostasisreferstothebody’stendencytomaintainbalanceinthepresenceofcontinualenvironmentalvariation.Parameterssuchastemperature,cardiacoutput,bloodpressure,oxygenandcarbondioxidelevels,acid-basebalance,fluidvolume,andele
7、ctrolytecompositionarecloselyregulatedtomaintainhomeostasis.医学课件园www.yxkjy.com（Conceptofdisease）在致病因素的损伤与机体的 抗损伤作用下，因自稳调节紊乱 而发生的异常生命活动过程。Asadisturbanceofhomeostasis causedbytheetiologicalfactors.二、疾病的概念医学课件园www.yxkjy.com症状（symptom）病人主观感觉的异常。Subjectivefeelingofdiscomfort thatcanberepo
