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时间:2018-09-13
《公地的悲剧中英文对照--哈丁The Tragedy of the Commons》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、TheTragedyoftheCommonsGarrettHardin(1968)"TheTragedyoftheCommons,"GarrettHardin,Science,162(1968):1243-1248.Attheendofathoughtfularticleonthefutureofnuclearwar,J.B.WiesnerandH.F.Yorkconcludedthat:"Bothsidesinthearmsraceare…confrontedbythedilemmaofsteadilyincreasingmilitarypowerandsteadilydecreasingn
2、ationalsecurity.Itisourconsideredprofessionaljudgmentthatthisdilemmahasnotechnicalsolution.Ifthegreatpowerscontinuetolookforsolutionsintheareaofscienceandtechnologyonly,theresultwillbetoworsenthesituation.''[1]Iwouldliketofocusyourattentionnotonthesubjectofthearticle(nationalsecurityinanuclearworld)
3、butonthekindofconclusiontheyreached,namelythatthereisnotechnicalsolutiontotheproblem.Animplicitandalmostuniversalassumptionofdiscussionspublishedinprofessionalandsemipopularscientificjournalsisthattheproblemunderdiscussionhasatechnicalsolution.Atechnicalsolutionmaybedefinedasonethatrequiresachangeon
4、lyinthetechniquesofthenaturalsciences,demandinglittleornothinginthewayofchangeinhumanvaluesorideasofmorality.Inourday(thoughnotinearliertimes)technicalsolutionsarealwayswelcome.Becauseofpreviousfailuresinprophecy,ittakescouragetoassertthatadesiredtechnicalsolutionisnotpossible.WiesnerandYorkexhibite
5、dthiscourage;publishinginasciencejournal,theyinsistedthatthesolutiontotheproblemwasnottobefoundinthenaturalsciences.Theycautiouslyqualifiedtheirstatementwiththephrase,"Itisourconsideredprofessionaljudgment...."Whethertheywererightornotisnottheconcernofthepresentarticle.Rather,theconcernhereiswiththe
6、importantconceptofaclassofhumanproblemswhichcanbecalled"notechnicalsolutionproblems,"andmorespecifically,withtheidentificationanddiscussionofoneofthese.Itiseasytoshowthattheclassisnotanullclass.Recallthegameoftick-tack-toe.Considertheproblem,"HowcanIwinthegameoftick-tack-toe?"ItiswellknownthatIcanno
7、t,ifIassume(inkeepingwiththeconventionsofgametheory)thatmyopponentunderstandsthegameperfectly.Putanotherway,thereisno"technicalsolution"totheproblem.Icanwinonlybygivingaradicalmeaningtotheword"win."Ic
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