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《公地的悲剧中英文对照--哈丁The Tragedy of the Commons》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、TheTragedyoftheCommonsGarrettHardin(1968)"TheTragedyoftheCommons,"GarrettHardin,Science,162(1968):1243-1248.Attheendofathoughtfularticleonthefutureofnuclearwar,J.B.WiesnerandH.F.Yorkconcludedthat:"Bothsidesinthearmsraceare…confrontedbythedilemmaofsteadilyinc
2、reasingmilitarypowerandsteadilydecreasingnationalsecurity.Itisourconsideredprofessionaljudgmentthatthisdilemmahasnotechnicalsolution.Ifthegreatpowerscontinuetolookforsolutionsintheareaofscienceandtechnologyonly,theresultwillbetoworsenthesituation.''[1]Iwould
3、liketofocusyourattentionnotonthesubjectofthearticle(nationalsecurityinanuclearworld)butonthekindofconclusiontheyreached,namelythatthereisnotechnicalsolutiontotheproblem.Animplicitandalmostuniversalassumptionofdiscussionspublishedinprofessionalandsemipopulars
4、cientificjournalsisthattheproblemunderdiscussionhasatechnicalsolution.Atechnicalsolutionmaybedefinedasonethatrequiresachangeonlyinthetechniquesofthenaturalsciences,demandinglittleornothinginthewayofchangeinhumanvaluesorideasofmorality.Inourday(thoughnotinear
5、liertimes)technicalsolutionsarealwayswelcome.Becauseofpreviousfailuresinprophecy,ittakescouragetoassertthatadesiredtechnicalsolutionisnotpossible.WiesnerandYorkexhibitedthiscourage;publishinginasciencejournal,theyinsistedthatthesolutiontotheproblemwasnottobe
6、foundinthenaturalsciences.Theycautiouslyqualifiedtheirstatementwiththephrase,"Itisourconsideredprofessionaljudgment...."Whethertheywererightornotisnottheconcernofthepresentarticle.Rather,theconcernhereiswiththeimportantconceptofaclassofhumanproblemswhichcanb
7、ecalled"notechnicalsolutionproblems,"andmorespecifically,withtheidentificationanddiscussionofoneofthese.Itiseasytoshowthattheclassisnotanullclass.Recallthegameoftick-tack-toe.Considertheproblem,"HowcanIwinthegameoftick-tack-toe?"ItiswellknownthatIcannot,ifIa
8、ssume(inkeepingwiththeconventionsofgametheory)thatmyopponentunderstandsthegameperfectly.Putanotherway,thereisno"technicalsolution"totheproblem.Icanwinonlybygivingaradicalmeaningtotheword"win."Ic
