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1、XWomenCONTENTCHAPTERXI.THEANNALSOFEMPERORHSIAO-AIIntroductionSummaryoftheperiodTheshortreignofEmperorAi(7-1B.C.)constitutedatemporaryeclipsetothepoweroftheWangclanandWangMang.TheEmperorhimself,asicklyyoungman,attemptedtoimitatethe"strong"governmentofEmperor
2、Wu,butonlysucceededinbecomingatool,firstofhisgrandmotherandthenofhisfavorite'sfamily.AsaresultoftheEmperor'sattempttoruleinperson,theperiodisfullofintrigues:concerningthematernalrelativesoftheEmperor,concerningacertainrevelation,andconcerningTungHsien(2a).Attentioniscenteredinthecourt;e
3、xternaleventscontinuedtobeuneventful.TheinfluenceofHanConfucianism,whichreacheditsapogeeinthereignofWangMang,continuedtogrow.Thisintroductionwilldealwiththeeventsandforcesnecessarytounderstandthebackgroundofthischapter,matterswhicharenotexplainedinthechapteritself(forfurtherdetails,cf.t
4、heOnomasticonandGlossary).It,liketheotherimperialannals,isratherachronologicalsummarythanwhatoccidentalswouldcallahistory.TheintriguesofEmperorAi'svariousmaternalrelativesThereignofEmperorCh'enghadfixed,asadynasticpractise,theConfucianprincipleoffavoringimperialrelatives(11:4b).Relative
5、sonthepaternalside,whowerepotentialrivalsfortheimperialthrone,weregivenkingdomsormarquisatesandwerecarefullywatched.WhenEmperorAiwascontinuallyill,theQueenofKingYangofTung-p'ing,LiuYün(2a),animperialfourthcousin,whowasdescendedfromEmperorHsüan,wasdiscoveredtohavemademagicalimprecationsa
6、gainsttheEmperor,withthepurposeofbringingherhusbandtotheimperialthrone.She,herhusband,andheruncle(whowasanimperialphysician)wereexecutedandtheinformerswereennobled.Imperialpaternalrelatives,whomightbenefitfromanyharmdonetotheimperialperson,wereordinarilykeptawayfromthecourtanddrasticall
7、yrepressed.Theimperialpowerwasthuslefttotheimperialmaternalrelatives.EmperorAihadhoweverfoursetsofmaternalrelatives.TheWangclan'spowerresteduponthefactthatthemotherofEmperorCh'eng,nowentitledtheGrandEmpressDowagerneeWang,wasstillalive.ShewastheEmperor'sadoptivegrandmotherandthe
