民族文化的概念[外文翻译]

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1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文：TheConceptofNationalCulture1．DefinitionofNationalCultureThetermculturehasvariousmeanings,allderivedfromtheLatinmeaning“whichisthecultivationofsoil.”Intoday’scolloquiallanguage,cultureisoftenusedinthesenseof“highculture,”perhapsbetterexpressedbytheGerman“Kult

2、ur,”whenreferringtopaintingorclassicalmusic.Cultureintheanthropologicalsense,however,isnotrestrictedtothesethings,butcomprisesallproductsofhumanlife.Further,culturedoesnotonlyreferto“civilized”societies.Allhumangroupsaresaidtopossessculture,eveniftheyareconsidered“primitive”

3、.Eveniftheanthropologicalunderstandingofthetermcultureistakenforthepurposesofthisresearch,literatureprovidesmoredefinitions.Thoughthereislittleagreementontheappropriatedefinitionofculture,mostdefinitionsofnationalcultureplaceemphasisonsharedvalues.Whenaddressingthequestionof

4、values,someanthropologistsaskquestionslike“Whatshouldbe?”Otherapproachesrefertomodalpracticesofcollectivesinsteadofemphasizingtheimportanceofvalues.Modalpracticesaresimplyactsorthewaysthingsare.Astherelevantapproachestoconceptualizenationalcultureinsocialsciencesareallinthet

5、raditionofvalue-basedapproaches,thedevelopmentofthesedefinitionsareoutlinedinthefollowingsection.ThefirstanthropologicaldefinitionwassetdownbyTYLORin1871.Hedefinedcultureas“thatcomplexwholewhichincludedknowledge,belief,art,morals,laws,customsandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsa

6、cquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Morethanhalfacenturylater,theanthropologistREDFIELDdefinedcultureas“sharedunderstandingsmademanifestinactandartifact.”KLUCKHOHN,anotherimportantanthropologist,statedthatnationalculture“consistsinpatternedwaysofthinking,feelingandreacting,acqui

7、redandtransmittedmainlybysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementsofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues.”Thesedefinitionscanbeconsideredastartingpointforsubsequentdefinition

8、sthatplacesimilaremphasisonvaluesasdistinguishingcharacteristicsofpeopleofd