[doc]-外文翻译---民族文化的概念-其他专业

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1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文：TheConceptofNationalCulture1．DefinitionofNationalCultureThetermculturehasvariousmeanings,allderivedfromtheLatinmeaning“whichisthecultivationofsoil.”Intoday’scolloquiallanguage,cultureisoftenusedinthesenseof“highculture,”perhapsbetterexpressedbytheGerman“Kultur,”whenreferringto

2、paintingorclassicalmusic.Cultureintheanthropologicalsense,however,isnotrestrictedtothesethings,butcomprisesallproductsofhumanlife.Further,culturedoesnotonlyreferto“civilized”societies.Allhumangroupsaresaidtopossessculture,eveniftheyareconsidered“primitive”.Eveniftheanthropologicalunderstanding

3、ofthetermcultureistakenforthepurposesofthisresearch,literatureprovidesmoredefinitions.Thoughthereislittleagreementontheappropriatedefinitionofculture,mostdefinitionsofnationalcultureplaceemphasisonsharedvalues.Whenaddressingthequestionofvalues,someanthropologistsaskquestionslike“Whatshouldbe?”

4、Otherapproachesrefertomodalpracticesofcollectivesinsteadofemphasizingtheimportanceofvalues.Modalpracticesaresimplyactsorthewaysthingsare.Astherelevantapproachestoconceptualizenationalcultureinsocialsciencesareallinthetraditionofvalue-basedapproaches,thedevelopmentofthesedefinitionsareoutlinedi

5、nthefollowingsection.ThefirstanthropologicaldefinitionwassetdownbyTYLORin1871.Hedefinedcultureas“thatcomplexwholewhichincludedknowledge,belief,art,morals,laws,customsandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Morethanhalfacenturylater,theanthropologistREDFIELDdefinedcultu

6、reas“sharedunderstandingsmademanifestinactandartifact.”KLUCKHOHN,anotherimportantanthropologist,statedthatnationalculture“consistsinpatternedwaysofthinking,feelingandreacting,acquiredandtransmittedmainlybysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementsofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinar

7、tifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues.”Thesedefinitionscanbeconsideredastartingpointforsubsequentdefinitionsthatplacesimilaremphasisonvaluesasdistinguishingcharacteristicsofpeopleofd