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1、Mohism1MohismMohismorMoism(Chinese:墨家;pinyin:Mòjiā;literally"SchoolofMo")wasaChinesephilosophydevelopedbythefollowersofMozi(alsoreferredtoasMoTzu(MasterMo),LatinizedasMicius),470BC–c.391BC.ItevolvedataboutthesametimeasConfucianism,TaoismandLegalism,andwasoneofthefourmainphiloso
2、phicschoolsduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod(from770BCto480BC)[1]andtheWarringStatesPeriod(from479BCto221BC).Duringthattime,Mohism(墨Mo)wasseenasamajorrivaltoConfucianism(儒Ru).TheQindynasty,whichunitedChinain221BC,adoptedLegalismastheofficialgovernmentphilosophyandsuppressedallothe
3、rphilosophicschools.TheHandynastythatfollowedadoptedConfucianismastheofficialstatephilosophy,asdidmostothersuccessivedynasties,andMohismallbutdisappearedasaseparateschoolofthought.MohistbookswerelatermergedintoTaoistcanon.BeliefsMohismisbestknownfortheconceptof"impartiallove"or
4、"universallove"(Chinese:兼愛;pinyin:JianAi;literally"inclusivelove").Mozi'sphilosophywasdescribedinthebookMozi,compiledbyhisstudentsfromhislecturenotes.MeritocraticgovernmentMozibelievedthatthenormofhandingoutimportantgovernmentresponsibilitiestoone'srelatives,regardlessofcapabil
5、ities,wastherootofpovertyinsociety.Mozitaughtthataslongasapersonwasqualifiedforatask,heshouldkeephisposition,regardlessofbloodrelations.Ifanofficerwereincapable,evenifhewereacloserelativeoftheruler,heoughttobedemoted,evenifitmeantpoverty.Arulershouldbeincloseproximitytotalented
6、people,treasuringtalentsandseekingtheircounselfrequently.Withoutdiscoveringandunderstandingtalentswithinthecountry,thecountrywillbedestroyed.Historyunfortunatelysawmanypeoplewhoweremurdered,notbecauseoftheirfrailties,butratherbecauseoftheirstrengths.Agoodbowisdifficulttopull,bu
7、titshootshigh.Agoodhorseisdifficulttoride,butitcancarryweightandtravelfar.Talentedpeoplearedifficulttomanage,buttheycanbringrespecttotheirrulers.LawandorderwasanimportantaspectofMozi'sphilosophy.Hecomparedthecarpenter,whousesstandardtoolstodohiswork,withtheruler,whomightnothave
8、anystandardsbywhichtoruleatall.Thecarpenterisalwaysbet
