网上流传的语言学笔记

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1、语言学笔记Chapter1Introduction:LanguageandLinguisticslWhatislanguage?nDifferentdefinitionsoflanguageuLanguageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity.(deSaussure,1916)u[Languageis]aset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinl

2、engthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.(Chomsky,1957)uLanguageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.nEachofthedefinitionsabovehaspointedoutsomeaspectsoftheessenceoflangu

3、age,butallofthemhaveleftoutsomething.Wemustseethemulti-facetednatureoflanguage.nAsisagreedbylinguistsinbroadterms,languagecanbedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.lFeaturesofhumanlanguagenCreativityuLanguageprovidesopport

4、unitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingbrandnewmessages.uThegrammarrulesandthewordsarefinite,butthesentencesareinfinite.Everyspeakeruseslanguagecreatively.nDualityuLanguagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofsoundsandtheotherof

5、meanings.uCertainsoundsorsequencesofsoundsstandforcertainmeanings.uCertainmeaningsareconveyedbycertainspeechsoundsorsequencesofspeechsounds.nArbitrarinessuTherelationshipbetweenthetwosubsystemsoflanguageisarbitrary.uThereisnologicalconnectionbetweens

6、oundandmeaning.nDisplacementuThereisnolimitintimeorspaceforlanguage.uLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.nCulturaltransmissionuCulturecannotbegeneticallytransmitted.Instead,itmustbelearned.Languageisawayoftransmittingc

7、ulture.nInterchangeabilityuAllmembersofaspeechcommunitycansendandreceivemessages.nReflexivityuHumanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.uThelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language.lFunctionsoflanguage–threemeta-functionsnTheideationalf

8、unctionuToidentifythings,tothink,ortorecordinformation.nTheinterpersonalfunctionuTogetalonginacommunity.nThetextualfunctionuToformatext.lTypesoflanguagenGeneticclassificationnTypologicalclassificationuAnalyticlanguage–noinflectionsorformalchanges,gra