視覺快感與敘事電影（英文原文）visual pleasure

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1、VisualPleasureandNarrativeCinemaLauraMulveyIIntroductionA.APoliticalUseofPsychoanalysisThispaperintendstousepsychoanalysistodiscoverwhereandhowthefascinationoffilmisreinforcedbypre-existingpatternsoffascinationalreadyatworkwithintheindividualsubjectandthesocialformationsthathavemouldedhim

2、.Ittakesasstartingpointthewayfilmreflects,revealsandevenplaysonthestraight,sociallyestablishedinterpretationofsexualdifferencewhichcontrolsimages,eroticwaysoflookingandspectacle.Itishelpfultounder-standwhatthecinemahasbeen,howitsmagichasworkedinthepast,whileattemptingatheoryandapracticewh

3、ichwillchallengethiscinemaofthepast.Psychoanalytictheoryisthusappro-priatedhereasapoliticalweapon,demonstratingthewaytheun-consciousofpatriarchalsocietyhasstructuredfilmform.Theparadoxofphallocentrisminallitsmanifestationsisthatitdependsontheimageofthecastratedwomantogiveorderandmeaningto

4、itsworld.Anideaofwomanstandsaslynchpintothesystem:itisherlackthatproducesthephallusasasymbolicpresence,itisherdesiretomakegoodthelackthatthephallussignifies.RecentwrtinginScreenaboutpsychoanalysisandthecinemahasnotsufficientlybroughtouttheimportanceoftherepresentationofthefemaleforminasym

5、bolicorderinwhich,inthelastresort,itspeakscastrationandnothingelse.Tosummarisebriefly:thefunctionofwomaninformingthepatriarchaluncon-sciousistwo-fold,shefirstsymbolisesthecastrationthreatbyherrealabsenceofapenisandsecondtherebyraisesherchildintothesymbolic.Oncethishasbeenachieved,hermeani

6、ngintheprocessisatanend,itdoesnotlastintotheworldoflawandlanguageexceptasamemorywhichoscillatesbetweenmemoryofmaternalplenitudeandmemoryoflack.Botharepositedonnature(oron7anatomyinFreud'sfamoasphrase).Woman'sdesireissubjectedtoherimageasbearerofthebleedingwound,shecanexistonly!inrelationt

7、ocastrationandcannottranscendit.SheturnsherJchildintothesignifierofherowndesiretopossessapenis(thecondition,sheimagines,ofentryintothesymbolic).Eithershemustgracefullygivewaytotheword,theNameoftheFatherandtheLaw,orelsestruggletokeepherchilddownwithherinthehalf-light