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1、ScienceDirectMicroprocessorsandMicrosystems31(2007)360–368LoweringpowerinanexperimentalRISCprocessorL.E.M.Brackenbury*,W.ShaoSchoolofComputerScience,UniversityofManchester,OxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UKAvailableonline13January2007AbstractSecondyearComputerScienc
2、estudentsattheUniversityofManchestertakingtheVLSISystemsDesigncoursecompletethedesignofa16-bitRISCprocessordowntosiliconasthecourselaboratoryexercise.Sincetheemphasisisonthedesignprocessesandtesting,noespecialeffortismadetominimisepower.Thispaperanalysesthepower
3、dissipationofatypicalpipelineddesignandthenexamineshowthepowerefficiencymightbeimprovedatthearchitectural,RTLandlogiclevels.Simulationshowsthattheminimumdissipationisachievedbycarefulhanddesign;here,afactoroftwoimprovementinthedissipationisachieved,withthemajorc
4、ontributionbeingthelogicleveloptimisationoftheRegisterBanktoreducetheswitchingactivity.＠2007ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.Keyword:Low-powerdigitaldesign1.IntroductionTheincreaseinchipsizealliedtoshrinkinggeometrieshasresultedinextremelylarge,highperformancesyste
5、msbeingrelativelyeasytoachieve.Giventhatarequiredperformanceandsystemsizecanbemet,otheraspectscanbeoptimised.Inparticular,powerefficientcomputingcanbecomeafeatureofthedesignandisofparticularrelevanceinbattery-poweredportableapplications.Tradingexcessperformancef
6、orpowerbydroppingthevoltagesupply,whileideal,isnoteasytoachieveincomplexsystemswheretheremaybemanypointsofcriticalactivity.Thuslow-powertechniquestendtorelymoreonpowerefficientdesignatthedifferentlevelsofthedesignhierarchy;thiscanrangefromalgorithmstothebasetech
7、nologyofthefabricateddevice.Therearemanystudiesofpowerdissipationbutthesetendtoconcentrateonaparticularleveltooptimise.Muchworkhasbeenperformedatthealgorithmiclevel,forexample[1–4]andalsoatthecircuit[5–9]andlogiclevels[10–12].Theformertendtoconcentrateonreorderi
8、ngalgorithmssoastoreducedatatransferactivityandminimisearithmeticoperations.Atthecircuitlevellowpowerlogicfamilies,suchasSingle-endedPasstransistorLogic(SPL),replacec
