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1、'emM.E.,nowtakenasanabbreviationofthem,butoriginallyaformofhem,dativeandaccusativeofthethirdpersonpluralpronoun.-ectomy"surgicalremoval,"fromGk.-ektomia"acuttingoutof,"fromektemnein"tocutout,"fromek"out"+temnein"tocut."-edpp.suffixofweakverbs,fromO.E.-ed,-ad,-od(leveledto-edinM.E.),fr
2、omP.Gmc.*-do-,fromPIE*-to-(cf.Gk.-tos,L.-tus).Originallyfullypronounced,asstillinbeloved(which,withblessed,accursed,andafewothersretainsthefullpronunciationthroughliturgicalreadings).In16c.-18c.oftenwritten-twhensopronounced(usuallyafteraconsonantorshortvowel),andstillsowherealongvowe
3、linthestemisshortinthepp.(crept,slept,etc.).Insomeolderwordsbothformsexist,withdifferentshadesofmeaning,cf.gilded/gilt,burned/burnt.-emiamedicalsuffix,"conditionoftheblood,"fromcomb.formofGk.haima(gen.haimatos)"blood,"possiblyfromPIEbase*sai-"thickliquid."-encesuffixattachedtoverbstof
4、ormnounsofprocessorfact(convergencefromconverge),orofstateorquality(absencefromabsent);fromO.Fr.-ance,fromL.-entia/-antia(from-ent-participlestem+-iasuffixformingnounsofconditionorquality).TheL.variants-entiaand-antiaweremostlyleveledto-anceinO.Fr.,butwordsborrowedlaterbyEng.directlyf
5、romL.sometimeskepttheirL.vowels(diligence,absence),andothershavesincec.1500beenre-spelledtoconformwithL.,causingmuchirregularity(attendance,butsuperintendence,etc.).-entsuffixformingadjectivesfromnounsorverbs,fromFr.-ent,fromL.-entem,pp.endingofverbsin-ere/-ire.O.Fr.changedmanyto-antb
6、utafterc.1500someinEng.werechangedbacktowhatwassupposedtobecorrectL.-esesuffixfromO.Fr.-eis(modernFr.-ois,-ais),fromV.L.,fromL.-ensem"belongingto"or"originatingin."-essfem.suffix,fromFr.-esse,fromL.L.-issa,fromGk.-issa(cognatewithO.E.fem.agentsuffix-icge);rareinclassicalGk.,butmorecom
7、monlater,indiakonissa"deaconess"andotherChurchtermspickedupbyLatin.-eticsuffixmeaning"pertainingto,"fromGk.-etikos,adj.suffixfornounsendingin-esis.-ettedim.formation,fromO.Fr.-ette(fem.),usedindiscriminatelyinO.Fr.withmasc.form-et.Asageneralrule,olderwordsborrowedfromFr.have-etinEng.,
8、while
